n 4 BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS 



Connected with the economy of nervine excretion we 

 ought, perhaps, to have shortly related or recalled how and 

 by what means it is intrinsically accomplished. 



The various openings, or rather series of openings, by 

 which the effete materials floated into the great body of 

 the cerebro-spinal fluid find an exit may be named as 

 follows : the nasal, the pituitary, the coccygeal, the 

 cutaneous, and the muscular, and, connected with the 

 latter, the general lymphatic. 



FIG. 41. SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE PERINEUM IN THE MALE. 

 (Modified from Bourgery.) (A.T.) \. 



a, spine of the pubis ; b, coccyx : c, placed on the tuberosity of the ischium, points by 

 a line to the great sacro-sciatic ligament; X, anus; i, placed on the corpus 

 spongiosum urethrae in front of the bulbo-cavernosi muscles ; 2, central point of 

 the perineum ; 3, ischio-cavernosus ; 4, transversus perinei ; 5, levator ani ; from 

 2 to b, external sphincter of the anus ; surrounding X , is the internal sphincter ; 

 6, coccygeus : 7, adductor longus ; 8, gracilis ; 9, adductor magnus ; 10, semi- 

 tendinosus and biceps ; n, on the left side, the gluteus maximus entire ; n', the 

 same cut on the right side, so as to expose a part of the coccygeus muscle. 



The first and second, or combined naso-pharyngeal, is 

 afforded through the naso-pharyngeal mucosa, along the 

 olfactory apparatus and associated terminal textures, with 

 the uvula and tonsillo-lingual mucosa. The second 

 (Figs. 39, 41), or coccygeal, is obtained through the filum 

 terminals of the spinal cord, the coccygeal gland, and the 

 peri-anal " modified sweat glands " and endo-anal lymph 

 exits. These two outlets being situated at the anterior 

 and posterior, or upper and lower, ends of the cerebro- 



