3 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 



gifts " (Franckland). The total sum subscribed on the date 

 of the opening ceremony amounted to 3,586,680 francs. 



The institute was formally opened on November i4th, 

 1888, with impressive ceremonies presided over by the 

 President of the Republic of France. The establishment 

 of this institute was an event of great scientific importance. 

 Here, within the first decade of its existence, were success- 

 fully treated more than twenty thousand cases of hydrophobia. 

 Here has been discovered by Roux the antitoxin for diph- 

 theria, and here have been established the principles of inoc- 

 ulation against the bubonic plague, against lockjaw, against 

 tuberculosis and other maladies, and of the recent microbe 

 inoculations of Wright of London. More than thirty 

 "Pasteur institutes," with aims similar to the parent institu- 

 tion, have been established in different parts of the civilized 

 world. 



Pasteur died in 1895, greatly honored by the whole world. 

 On Saturday, October 5th of that year, a, national funeral 

 was conducted in the Church of Notre-Dame, which was 

 attended by the representatives of the state and of numerous 

 scientific bodies and learned societies. 



Koch. Robert Koch (Fig. 93) was born in 1843, an d for 

 several years before his death, in 1910, he was the Director 

 of the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin. His studies 

 have been mainly those of a medical man, and have been 

 crowned with remarkable success. In 1881 he discovered 

 the germ of tuberculosis, in 1883 the germ that produces 

 Asiatic cholera, and since that time his name has been con- 

 nected with a number of remarkable discoveries that are of 

 continuous practical application in the science of medicine. 



Koch, with the rigorous scientific spirit for which he is 

 noteworthy, established four necessary links in the chain 

 of evidence to show that a particular organism is connected 

 with a particular disease. These four postulates of Koch are: 



