368 BIOLOGY AND ITS MAKERS 



the well-known Neanderthal skull, discovered in a cave near 

 Dusseldorf in the valley of the Neander, in 1856 and first 

 described in 1857. It is now exhibited with other parts of 

 the skeleton in the provincial museum at Bonn on the Rhine. 

 The inferences drawn from the anatomical study of this 

 very ancient skull, with its low receding forehead, showing 

 small development in the region of the higher mental facul- 

 ties, created a sensation, and great opposition was developed 

 to allowing the discovery to rank as an evidence of primitive 

 man. But its importance has become enhanced by the dis- 

 covery of a long series of similar skulls. In 1886 came the 

 discovery in the Cave of Spy, Belgium, of two skeletons with 

 the same structural features as those of the Neanderthal 

 remains, and since that time the discoveries of numerous 

 similar relics have established the existence of a Neanderthal 

 race living in the middle of the palaeolithic period. The more 

 notable members of the Neanderthaloid series embrace: the 

 human remains of Krapina, in Croatia, found in 1899-1904, 

 and consisting of parts of the skeletons of ten persons from 

 infancy to old age; the skeletal remains of La Chapelle aux- 

 Saints and of Le Moustier. In August, 1908, there was dis- 

 covered in Southwestern France (Correze), by well directed 

 efforts of French archaeologists, a very interesting skeleton 

 of the Neanderthal type, and now known as the man of La 

 Chapelle aux-Saints. This is the skeleton of an old man with 

 an almost complete skull, and a lower jaw lacking some of the 

 teeth. Since the comprehensive analysis of these remains, 

 published by Boule in 1913, this is the most thoroughly 

 known skeleton of the Neanderthal race and may be taken 

 as a type. Besides the structural features of the bony parts, 

 it is interesting to note that the casts of the interior of the 

 cranium show the surface features of the brain. As com- 

 pared with the brain of modern man, it is small in the region 

 of the frontal lobes and shows a greater simplicity in the 



