18 MARXISM AND DARWINISM. 



most important classes, while now it is the bourgeoisie 

 and the proletarians which are the classes. 



It is the development of tools, of these technical 

 aids which men. direct, which is the main cause, the 

 propelling force of all social development. It is self- 

 understood that the people are ever trying to improve 

 these tools so that their labor be easier and more 

 productive, and the practice they acquire in using 

 these tools, leads their thoughts upon further improve- 

 ments. Owing to this development, a slow or quick 

 progress of technique takes place, which at the same 

 time changes the social forms of labor. This leads to 

 new class relations, new social institutions and new 

 classes. At the same time social, i. e., political strug- 

 gles arise. Those classes predominating under the old 

 process of production try to preserve artificially their 

 institutions, while the rising classes try to promote 

 the new process of production ; and by waging the 

 class struggles against the ruling class and by con- 

 quering them they pave the way for the further un- 

 hindered development of technique. 



Thus the Marxian theory disclosed the propelling 

 force and the mechanism of social development. In 

 doing this it has proved that history is not something 

 irregular, and that the various social systems are not 

 the result of chance or haphazard events, but that there 

 is a regular development in a definite direction. In 

 doing this it was also proved that social development 

 does not cease with our system, because technique 

 continually develops. 



Thus, both teachings, the teachings of Darwin 



and of Marx, the one in the domain of the organic 



world and the other upon the field of human society, 



raised the theory of evolution to a positive science. 



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