42 MARXISM AND DARWINISM. 



New formations step into the place of the old ones, 

 and the members of these groups carry on the struggle 

 for existence in common against other peoples. In 

 equal ratio with economic development, the size of 

 these unions increases, the struggle of each against the 

 other decreases, and social feelings spread. At the end 

 of ancient times we find that all the people known 

 then formed a unit, the Roman Empire, and at that 

 time arose the theory — the moral feelings having their 

 influence on almost all the people — which led to the 

 maxim that all men are brothers. 



When we regard our own times, we see that 

 economically all the people form one unit, although a 

 very weak one; nevertheless the abstract feeling of 

 brotherhood becomes ever more popular. The social 

 feelings are strongest among members of the same 

 class, for classes are the essential units embodying 

 particular interests and including certain members. 

 Thus we see that the social units and social feelings 

 change in human society. These changes are brought 

 about by economic changes, and the higher the stage 

 of economic development, the higher and nobler the 

 social feelings. 



VIII. TOOLS, THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE. 



Sociability, with its consequences, the moral feel- 

 ings, is a peculiarity which distinguishes man from 

 some, but not from all, animals. There are, however, some 

 peculiarities which belong to man only, and which 

 separate him from the entire animal world. These, in 

 the first instance, are language, then reason. Man is 

 also the only animal that makes use of self-made tools. 



