to MARXISM AND DARWINISM. 



science have their origin and continually develop. By 

 his labor, the primitive ape-like man has risen to rea^ 

 manhood. The use of tools marks the great departure 

 that is ever more widening between men and animals. 



IX. ANIMAL ORGANS AND HUMAN TOOLS. 



In animal organs and human tools we have the 

 main difference between men and animals. The animal 

 obtains its food and subdues its enemies with its own 

 bodily organs; man does the same thing with the aid 

 of tools. Organ (organon) is a Greek word which also 

 means tools. Organs are natural, adnated (grown-on) 

 tools of the animal. Tools are the artificial organs of 

 men. Better still, what the organ is to the animal, the 

 hand and tool is to man. The hands and tools perform 

 the functions that the animal must perform with its 

 own organs. Owing to the construction of the hand 

 to hold various tools, it becomes a general organ 

 adapted to all kinds of work ; it becomes therefore an 

 organ that can perform a variety of functions. 



With the division of these functions, a broad field 

 of development is opened for men which anmials do 

 not know. Because the human hand can use various 

 tools, it can combine the functions of all possible or- 

 gans possessed by animals. Every animal is built and 

 adapted to a certain definite surrounding. Man, with 

 his tools, is adapted to all circumstances and equipped 

 for all surroundings. The horse is built for the 

 prairie, and the monkey is built for the forest. In the 

 forest, the horse would be just as helpless as the mon- 

 key would be if brought to the prairie. Man, on the 

 other hand, uses the axe in the forest, and the spade 



