MARXISM AND DARWINISM. 53 



not rely on their eyes; nor do the falcons succeed by 

 means of their beaks. Lions carry on the struggle by 

 means of their saltatory (leaping) muscles and their 

 teeth ; hares rely upon their paws and ears, and falcons 

 succeed on account of their eyes and wings. If now 

 we ask what is it that struggles and what competes? 

 the answer is, the organs struggle. The muscles and 

 teeth of the lion, the paws and ears of the hare, and 

 the eyes and wings of the falcon carry on the struggle. 

 It is in this struggle that the organs become perfected. 

 The animal as a whole depends upon these organs and 

 shares their fate. 



Let us now ask the same question about the hu- 

 man world. Men do not struggle by means of their 

 natural organs, but by means of artificial organs, by 

 means of tools (and in weapons we must understand 

 tools). Here, too, the principle of perfection and the 

 weeding out of the imperfect, through struggle, holds 

 true. The tools struggle, and this leads to the ever 

 greater perfection of tools. Those groups of tribes 

 that use better tools and weapons can best secure their 

 maintenance, and when it comes to a direct struggle 

 with another race, the race that is better equipped 

 with artificial tools will win. Those races whose tech- 

 nical aids are better developed, can drive out or sub- 

 due those whose artificial aids are not developed. The 

 European race dominates because its external aids 

 are better. 



Here we see that the principle of the struggle for 

 existence, formulated by Darwin and emphasized by 

 Spencer, has a different effect on men than on animals. 

 The principle that struggle leads to the perfection of 

 the weapons used in the strife, leads to different re- 

 sults between men and animals. In the animal, it 



