64 MARXISM AND DARWINISM. 



leads to a continuous development of natural organs; 

 that is the foundation of the theory of descent, the es- 

 sence of Darwinism. In men, it leads to a continuous 

 development of tools, of the means of production. 

 This, however, is the foundation of Marxism. 



Here we see that Marxism and Darwinism are not 

 two independent theories, each of which applies to its 

 special domain, without having anything in common 

 with the other. In reality, the same principle under- 

 lies both theories. They form one unit. The new 

 course taken by men, the substitution of tools for 

 natural organs, causes this fundamental principle to 

 manifest itself differently in the two domains ; that of 

 the animal world to develop according to Darwinian 

 principle, while among mankind the Marxian principle 

 applies. 



When men freed themselves from the animal 

 world, the development of tools and productive meth- 

 ods, the division of labor and knowledge became the 

 propelling force in social development. It is these 

 that brought about the various systems, such as primi- 

 tive communism, the peasant system, the beginnings 

 of commodity production, feudalism, and now modern 

 capitalism, and which bring us ever nearer to So- 

 cialism. 



X. CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM. 



The particular form that the Darwinian struggle 

 for existence assumes in development is determined by 

 men's sociability and their use of tools. The struggle 

 for existence, while it is still carried on among mem- 

 bers of different groups, nevertheless ceases among. 



