CONTENTS. xiii 



CHAPTER XV. 



Valparaiso — Portillo Pass — Sagacity of Mules — Mountain-Tor- 

 rents — Mines, how discovered — Proofs of the gradual Elevation 

 of the Cordillera — Effect of Snow on Rocks — Geological Struc- 

 ture of the two main Eanges — Their distinct Origin and Up- 

 heaval — Great Subsidence — Red Snow — Winds — Pinnacles 

 of Snow — Dry and clear Atmosphere — Electricity — Pampas 



— Zoology of the opposite sides of the Andes — Locusts — Great 

 Bugs — Mendoza — Uspallata Pass — Silicified Trees buried as 

 they grew — Tncas Bridge — Badness of the Passes exaggerated — 

 Cumbre — Casuchas — Valparaiso Page 313 



CHAPTER XVI. 



Coast-road to Coquimbo — Great Loads carried by the Miners — 



— Coquimbo — Earthquake — Step-formed Ten-aces — Absence 

 of recent Deposits — Contemporaneousness of the Tertiary Forma- 

 tions — Excursion up the Valley — Road to Guasco — Deserts — 

 Valley of Copiapo — Rain and Earthquakes — Hj^drophobia — 

 The Despoblado — Indian Ruins — Probable change of Climate 



— River-bed arched by an Earthquake — Cold Gales of Wind — 

 Noises from a Hill — Iquique — Salt Alluvium — Nitrate of 

 Soda — Lima — Unhealthy Country — Ruins of Callao, over- 

 thrown by an Earthquake — Recent Subsidence — Elevated 

 Shells on San Lorenzo, their decomposition — Plain with em- 

 bedded Shells and fragments of Pottery — Antiquity of the Indian 

 Race ^ 337 



CHAPTER XVII. 



Galapagos Archipelago • — The whole group volcanic — Number of 

 Craters — Leafless Bushes — Colonj'- at Charles Island — James 

 Island — Salt-lake in Crater — Natural History of the Group — 

 Ornithology, curious Finches — Reptiles — Groat Tortoises, 

 habits of — Marine Lizard, feeds on Sea-weed — Terrestrial 

 Lizard, burrowing habits, herbivorous — Importance of Reptiles 

 in the Archipelapo — Fish, Shells, Insects — Botany — American 

 Type of Organisation — Differences in the Species or Races on 

 different Islands — Tameness of the Birds — Fear of Man, an 

 acquired Instinct 372 



