WESTBURY STATION, N. Y. 



15 



Comparative Chart 



RESULTS ON LONG ISLAND 



LESSONS FOR LONG ISLAND 



For river bottom land nature has developed a special 

 type of tree with surface roots, unaccustomed to a 

 strenuous effort to obtain food and water. Alder, ash, 

 elm, Kentucky coffee tree, Carolina poplar or cotton- 

 wood, willow, American buttonball and arborvitse are 

 types. Some trees from alluvial soils thrive also on up- 

 land, and others do not permanently thrive. They 

 generally have soft, weak wood that is easily broken 

 and quickly decays. Trees of this type form the chief 

 list of nurseries, because they multiply cheaply, grow 

 rapidly, live when transplanted with short roots or small 

 ball, or when dried in shipment, and supply the demand 

 for cheap trees that make a good show the first year. 



For permanent planting on the thinner upland soils 

 of Long Island, avoid such trees unless quick, cheap 

 results only are desired, and the requirements as to 

 food and water will be met. If planted, put the perma- 

 nent trees between. For the drier upland, nature has 

 developed scarlet, black, post and black-jack oaks, 

 mockernut hickory, white birch, chestnut, wild cherry, 

 red cedar, pitch-pine, white pine. It needs special 

 skill, patience and thoroughness to grow and fit this 

 type of tree for successful transplanting. 



Owing to slight diversity, there is but small advan- 

 tage in one slope over another, for influence of frost on 

 fruit blossoms, etc. On the north and south shores 

 Hydrangea Otaksa ripens its flower-buds slowly and 

 lives outside. In the center of the island the flower- 

 buds are killed. 



Make artificial ravines by planting bays of large 

 evergreens in the shelter qf which less hardy plants 

 may be grown. Take advantage of shelter of build- 

 ings, fences, hedges, orchards. Old orchards may be 

 transformed into landscape features by planting shade- 

 enduring species under them. To screen a stable 

 through the woods, an artificial ravine with high banks 

 of rock and soil may be made and planted with hem- 

 lock, yew, fir, rhododendron, evergreen fern, etc. 



Many seaside places are bare and bleak, and much 

 time and capital is wasted. Many owners are unneces- 

 sarily discouraged and fail to develop the fullest beauty 

 of their property because they plant a few scattered 

 trees of varieties not adapted to their conditions. 



Follow nature. Plant trees and shrubs 2 to 5 feet 

 apart in belts 20 to 100 feet wide ; keep foliage compact; 

 fertilize little and often ; manure or mulch heavily, or 

 cover the ground with brush ; put low hardy shrubs on 

 the windward side, and back of them the taller trees 

 and shrubs. In some cases build a board fence for 

 winter or all the year. Solve each problem according 

 to (ist) conditions of exposure, moisture, soil, fertility 

 and available soil to add ; (2d) purpose, as low cover, 

 tall shade, to hold drifting sand, or cover sand bluff; 

 (3d) time when results are wanted, in one to two years 

 or six years. See list for seaside planting. 



Branches of trees are badly broken. The wounds 

 may prove fatal, especially on broad spreading trees, 

 where the wound is near the trunk. Silver maple, 

 old apple trees, old white pines and elms are prone to 

 damage. 



Prune the wounds close to the trunk and keep painted 

 till healed to prevent decay. To check the tendency of 

 old white pines to break, let the lower branches rest on 

 the ground and shorten the upper branches and 

 strengthen by wires. With silver maples and elms, plant 

 trees trained to a singk ' 



le leader, or bolt the crotches. 



EXPLANATION OF MAP 



Map adapted from Elementary Meteorology, by William M. Davis, Professor of Physical 

 Geography in Harvard University. 



The numbered lines show the number of degrees of difference or range between the aver- 

 age temperatures of January and July. 



Long Island and Northern Japan are on line 40 ; England and coast of Oregon on 20. 



line of average January temperature of 30, passing through Long Island, Colo- 

 rado, Japan, Caucasus, Germany and Norway. 



Small arrows, cold and warm ocean currents. Large double arrows, prevailing winter wind 

 from warm ocean current to coast of England and Oregon, and from dry cold interior to Long 

 Island, Japan and coast of Manchuria. 



Japan is more protected by mountains on the mainland than Long Island. Southern Japan 

 receives more benefit of warm ocean current than Long Island, otherwise their climates are 

 very similar. 



