4 INTRODUCTION. 



herbarium should be begun as early in the season as good specimens can be obtained; 

 and observations upon the same should be recorded so far as the pupils understand 

 the terms. Any blank spaces can usually be filled later in the season. It is hardly 

 necessary to say that nothing should be recorded which has not been actually seen by 

 the pupil who is making the record. It is desirable that the teacher should give some 

 simple instruction in drawing. Outline drawings at least can be made by all, while the 

 shading may be added by those who are able to do so. Every pupil should make the 

 drawings, endeavoring to express what has been really seen. While all should tr>' to 

 draw well, the teacher will make allowance for differences in artistic taste and skill. If 

 this plan is faithfully carried out, the Record Book may become an object of much 

 interest, and perhaps of beauty also. 



In the study of solid objects, like seeds, buds, etc., three drawings should be made: — 

 the first, of the object as a whole; the second, of a longitudinal section along the axis; 

 while the third should represent a transverse section through the center. In the case 

 of a bud, e.g., the first will represent it on the twig, the second will clearly show the 

 relation of the scales and immature leaves to the axis, and the third will present their 

 relation to one another. Good earnest work in this part of the study of Botany will amply 

 repay the patient student; and the teacher who leads the pupil on in the investigation of 

 these interesting phases of the Creator's handiwork will not fail of a reward. 



The tools needed by each pupil are a lens, or simple microscope, a sharp knife, a 

 few needles set in handles, and a small metric rule for taking measurements. In the 

 schoolroom there should be a compound microscope, a hone for sharpening knives and 

 needles, and a few boxes for holding material and apparatus. Of the many presses used 

 for preparing plants for the herbarium, the author has found none of such general use 

 as the lattice- work press made by Jas. W. Queen & Co., of Philadelphia. 



Schedule of Exercises. 



In each case, the student will follow the outline for the subject as given on the 

 following pages. 



1. Plant several kinds of seeds, and record observations. 



2. Study six seeds according to the directions given. 



3. Examine four buds; make three drawings of each. 



4. Study a root, a bulb and a tuber. 



5. Study ten leaves; make one drawing of each. 



6. Observ^e four fruits, making proper records and drawings. 



7. Make and study transverse sections of the stem of an exogen and of an endogen. 



8. Examine with the compound microscope the pollen of several flowers; make 



drawings, and record shape, color, etc. 



9. Record in this book the required observations on forty different species of plants. 

 10. Make an herbarium of at least fifty specimens of dried and mounted plants. 



Put on each a number corresponding with its page in the Record Book. 



