DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANC. 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 



lATE I. Position of the first stomach (rumen or paunch) on tlie left side. 

 The area inclosed by heavy dotted lines represents the rumen ; the 

 elongated, shaded organ is the spleen resting upon it. The skin and 

 muscles have been removed from the ribs to show the position of the 

 lungs and their relation to the paunch. 

 Plate II. Stomach of ruminants. 



Fig. 1. Stomach of a full-grown sheep, i natural size (after Thanlioffer, 

 from R. Meade Smith's Physiology of Domestic Animals) : a, rumen, 

 or first stomach ; b, reticulum, or second stomach ; c, omasum, or third 

 stomach; d, abomasum, or fourth stomach; e, esophagus, or gullet, 

 opening into the first and second stomachs ; /, opening of fourth stomach 

 into small intestine ; g, opening of second stomach into third ; //, open- 

 ing of third stoma:?h into fourth. 



The lines indicate the course of the food in the stomachs. The incom- 

 pletely masticated food passes down the esophagus, or gullet, into the 

 first and second stomachs, in which a churning motion is kept up, 

 carrying the food from side to side and from stomach to stomach. 

 From the first stomach regurgitation takes place; that is, the food is 

 returned through the gullet to the mouth to be more thoroughly chewed, 

 and this constitutes what is known as " chewing the cud." From the 

 second stomach the food passes into the third, and from the third into 

 the fourth, or true, stomach, and from there into the intestines. 



Fig. 2. Stomach of ox (after Colin, from R. Meade Smith's Physiology of 

 Domestic Animals) : a, rumen; h, reticulum; c, omasum; d, abomasum; 

 t , esophagus ; /, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine. 



Fiirstenberg calculated that in an ox of 1,4(X) pounds weight the capacity of 



the stomach is as follows : 



rer rent. 



Rumen, 149.25 quarts, liquid measure G2. 4 



Reticulum, 23.77 quarts 10 



Omasum, 36.98 quarts 15 



Abomasum, 29.05 quarts 12. 6 



According to Colon— Q"«rts. 



The capacity of a beef's stomach is 266. 81 



Small intestine 69. 74 



Cecum 9. 51 



Colon and rectum 25. 58 



Plate III. Instruments used in treating diseases of digestive organs. 



Fig. 1. Clinical thermometer, t natural size. This is used to determine the 

 temperature of the animal body. The thermometer is passed into the 

 rectum after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth, 

 or after having had a little oil or lard rubbed upon it to facilitate its 

 passage. There it is allowed to remain two or three minutes, then Avith- 

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