DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 211 



Plate XIV. Vessels of umbilical cord — Continued. 



Fig. 2. Blood vessels passing through the umbilical cord in a human fetus, 

 (From Quain's Anatomy, vol. 2.) L, liver; K, kidney; /, intestines; 

 TJ C, umbilical cord ; TJa, umbilical arteries. The posterior aorta com- 

 ing from the heart passes backward and gives rise to the internal iliac 

 arteries, and of these the umbilical arteries are branches. Uv, um- 

 bilical vein; this joins the portal vein, passes onward to the liver, 

 breaks up into smaller vessels, which reunite in the hepatic vein ; this 

 empties into the posterior vena cava, which carries the blood back 

 to the heart. 

 Plate XV. Normal position of calf in utero. This is the most favorable position 

 of the calf or fetus in the womb at birth, and the position in which 

 it is most frequently found. This is known as the normal anterior 

 position. The back of the fetus is directly toward that of the mother, 

 the forelegs are extended back toward the vulva of the mother, and 

 the head rests between them. The birth of the calf in this position 

 usually takes place without artificial assistance. 

 Plate XVI. Abnormal positions of calf in utero. (Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5 from 

 Fleming's Veterinary Obstetrics; fig. 4 after St. Oyr, from Hill's 

 Bovine Medicine and Surgery ; fig. 6 from D'Arboval, Dictionaire de 

 Mgdecine et de Chirurgie.) 



Fig. 1. Anterior presentation ; one fore limb completely retained. The 

 retained limb must be reached if possible and brought forward joint by 

 joint and the fetus then extracted. 



Fig. 2. Anterior presentation ; fore limbs bent at knee. The limbs must 

 be extended before delivery can be accomplished. 



Fig. 3. Anterior presentation ; fore limb crossed over neck. The leg should 

 be grasped a little above the fetlock, raised, drawn to its proper side, 

 and extended in genital canal. 



Fig. 4. Anterior presentation ; downward deviation of head. The head must 

 be brought into position seen in Plate XV before delivery can take 

 place. 



Fig. 5. Anterior presentation ; deviation of the head upward and back- 

 ward. Retropulsion is the first indication, and will often bring the 

 head into its normal position. 



Fig. 6. Anterior presentation; head presented with back down. The fetus 

 should be turned by pushing back the fore parts and bringing up the 

 hind so as to make a posterior presentation. 

 Plate XVII. Abnormal positions of calf in utero. (Figs. 2 and 3 from Flem- 

 ing; figs. 4, 5, and 6 from D'Arboval.) 



Fig. 1. Anterior presentation, with hind feet engaged in pelvis. A very 

 serious malpresentation, in which it is generally impossible to save the 

 fetus if delivery is far advanced. The indications are to force back the 

 hind feet. 



Fig. 2. Thigh and croup presentation, showing the fetus corded. The cord 

 has a ring or noose at one end. The two ends of the cord are passed 

 between the thighs, brought out at the fianks, and the plain end passed 

 through the noose at the top of the back and brought outside the vulva. 

 The fetus must be pushed back and an attempt made to bring the 

 limbs properly into the genital passage. 



Fig. 3. Croup and hock presentation. The indications in this abnormal 

 presentation are the same as described for Fig. 2. 



Fig. 4. Posterior presentation ; the fetus on its back. Turn the fetus so as 

 to make a normal anterior presentation. 



