TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 315 



destroyed or crushed. When cut through, these tumors soon collapse 

 from the loss of their fluids. They sometimes inclose elliptical cavi- 

 ties filled with slimy, gelatinous masses. 

 Treatment. — Extirpation. 



SARCOMA. 



This is a malignant tumor after the type of embryonal tissue, and 

 consists of several varieties, such as the round cell, spindle cell, 

 giant cell, alveolar, and melanosarcoma. They grow by preference 

 in connective tissue and are quite vascular. Sarcomas appear either 

 as single or multiple nodules, varying in size from a hempseed to a 

 hazelnut, or else as a moderate number of tumors of the size of hen 

 eggs. Their surface, at first smooth, later becomes lumpy and tuber- 

 ous from internal degeneration. Secondary nodules may appear 

 near the primary tumor. The outer skin is not involved so soon as 

 in cancer, nor does ulceration follow so rapidly. Sarcoma is about 

 the most frequent and dangerous tumor that is found in cattle. It 

 occurs in young animals, and is found on the serous membranes, in 

 the glandular organs, and on the outer skin, especially of the neck 

 and shoulders — in fact, in nearly every tissue and in almost every 

 part of the body. This tumor is often found in places exposed to 

 traumatisms and at seats of scars, or of irritations from pressure and 

 inflammation. 



TreatTTient. — Treatment should consist in early and complete re- 

 moval by the knife, including one-half or three-quarters of an inch 

 of the sound tissue adjoining the tumor. If there is a possibility 

 that sarcomatous tissue still remains, either cauterize the wound with 

 a hot iron or powder the walls of the cavity with arsenious acid. 



CANCER (CARCINOMA). 



Cancers are tumors of epithelial tissues and are malignant. There 

 are several varieties of cancers, such as hard, soft, and colloid, but 

 only those growing on the surface will be mentioned here. These 

 malignant tumors of the superficial organs develop primarily from 

 the epidermis or from the glands of the skin. They appear second- 

 arily as spreading infections from milk glands, thyroids, anal glands, 

 or as embolisms. In such cases their sole character depends wholly 

 upon the kind of cancer from which they have sprung. The infil- 

 trating cancer begins as an elevation of the skin, which progresses 

 until it becomes rough and nodular. The surface later becomes 

 attacked, and an ulcer results whose edges are outlined by a hard, 

 firm zone. 



The ulcerations may remain limited by cicatricial tissue, but it is 

 more likely that the infiltration and destruction of tissue will spread 

 out wider and deeper until a rodent ulcer (so called) is formed. 

 One of the most frequent sites of cancer in cattle is in the eye, Avhere 



