500 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



nation of the feces is necessary in order to establish definitely the 

 diagnosis. 



Treatment. — As with all other forms of infectious disease, it is 

 advisable to separate immediately the diseased and suspected cattle 

 from the healthy animals. The feces passed by the former animals 

 should be placed on cultivated soil where heiilthy cattle will not 

 be exposed to them, as the bacilli producing the disease are readily 

 found in such manure. The stalls, stables, and barnyards should 

 also be thoroughly disinfected, as has been described under "Tul)er- 

 culosis," in this chapter, special attention being given to those places 

 which have been soiled by feces. The administration of medicines 

 has thus far been quite unsatisfactory, although treatment should be 

 directed toward disinfecting the intestines with intestinal antisep- 

 tics, such as tannopin in 1 dram doses twice daily, and strengthening 

 the animal by the use of stimulants such as strj^chnin in half-grain 

 doses given twice daily hypodermically. Salol, turpentine, or sub- 

 nitrate of bismuth in a starch or wheat-flour gruel may also give tem- 

 porary relief, but the diarrhea is likely to reappear and cause the 

 death of the animal. In all cases the feed must be carefully selected 

 to assure good quality, and should consist preferably of nutritious 

 dry feed. 



NAGANA. 



Xagana, also called tsetse-fly disease, is an infectious fever occur- 

 ring chiefly in horses and cattle, characterized by alternating par- 

 oxysms and intermissions and produced by a specific flagellate proto- 

 zoan {Trypanosarmi hrucei) in the blood. It is probably transmitted 

 from animal to animal solely by the bites of the tsetse fly. This 

 insect is something like a large house fly, and when it settles on a 

 diseased animal, sucks the blood and infects its proboscis, it is enabled 

 on biting a second animal to infect the latter by direct inoculation. 

 This disease is found throughout a large portion of central and 

 southern Africa, along the low-lying and swampy valleys. It has 

 never occurred in the United States, nor is it known to be present in 

 the Philippines, but its relation to surra and the possibility of its 

 appearance in one of our island dependencies are the reasons for 

 including a few remarks at this time. 



SymptoTns. — The chief symptoms in addition to the fever, which is 

 usually about 104° to 105° F., are the muscular wasting, progressive 

 anemia, and loss of power, together with the edema most marked 

 about the head, legs, abdomen, and genital organs. The urine is 

 yellow and turbid, and occasionally contains albumin and blood. 

 There is paralysis of one or both of the hind legs, difficult urination 

 and defecation, labored breathing, discharge from the eyes and nose, 

 extreme thirst, and gradual extension of paralysis to other parts of 



