90 BUREAU OF A2^IMAL I^DUSTKY. 



mining cause can be abated. In remedial sprains of the back or disease 

 of the spinal cord these must have appropriate treatment, and the urine 

 must be drawn off frequently with a catheter to prevent overdistention 

 and injury to the bladder. If the paralysis persists after recover}^ of 

 the spinal cord, or if it continues after relief of spasm, of the neck of the 

 bladder, apply a pulp of mustard and water over the back part of the 

 belly in front of the udder, and cover with a rug until the hair stands 

 erect. In the male the mustard may be applied between the thighs 

 from near the anus downward. Daily doses of 2 drams extract of 

 belladonna or of 2 grains powdered Spanish fly maj^ serve to rouse 

 the lost tone.- These failing, a mild current of electricity dail}- may 

 succeed. 



INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (CTSTITIS, OR UROCYSTITIS). 



Cystitis may be slight or severe, acute or chronic, partial or general. 

 It may be caused by abuse of diuretics, especiall}'- such as are irritat- 

 ing (cantharides, turpentine, copaiba, resin, etc.), by the presence of 

 a stone or gravel in the bladder, the irritation of a catheter or other 

 foreign bod}^ introduced from without, the septic ferment (bacterium) 

 introduced on a filth}' catheter, the overdistention of the bladder by 

 retained urine, the extrication of ammonia from retained decomposing 

 urine, resulting in destruction of the epithelial cells and irritation of 

 the- raw surface, and a too concentrated and irritating urine. The 

 application of Spanish flies or turpentine over a too extensive surface, 

 sudden exposure of a perspiring and tired horse to cold or wet, and 

 the presence of acrid plants in the fodder may cause cystitis, as they 

 may nephritis. Finalh% inflammation may extend from a diseased 

 vagina or urethra to the bladder. 



Si/mjytoms. — The symptoms are slight or severe colicky pains; the 

 animal moves his hind feet uneasily or even kicks at the abdomen, 

 looks around at his flank, and may even lie down and rise frequently. 

 More characteristic are frequenth^ repeated efforts to urinate, result- 

 ing in the discharge of a little clear, or red, or more commonl}' floc- 

 culent urine, alwa3^s in jets, and accompanied b}' signs of pain, which 

 persist after the discharge, as shown in continued straining, groaning, 

 and perhaps in movements of the feet and tail. The penis hangs from 

 the sheath, or in the mare the vulva is frequently opened and closed, 

 as after urination. The animal winces when the abdomen is pressed 

 in the region of the sheath or udder, and the bladder is found to be 

 sensitive and tender when pressed with the oiled hand introduced 

 through the rectum or vagina. In the mare the thickening of the 

 walls of the bladder may be felt by introducing one finger through 

 the urethra. The discharged urine, which ma}' be turbid or even oily, 

 contains an excess of mucus, with flat shreds of membrane, with scaly 

 epithelial cells, and pus corpuscles, each showing two or more nuclei 



