92 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



the lines under the tiil nia}' have the tail set high by cutting the cords 

 on its loM'Cr surface, or it may be prevented getting over the reins b}^ 

 having a strap carried from its free end to the breeching. Those 

 proving troublesome ^hen "in heat" may have 4-dram doses of bro- 

 mide of potassium, or they may be served by the male or castrated. 

 Sometimes irritability may be lessened by daily doses of belladonna 

 extract (1 dram), or a better tone may be given to the parts b}- balsam 

 copaiba (1 dram). 



DISEASED GROWTHS IN THE BLADDER. 



These may be of various kinds, malignant or simple. In the horse 

 I have found villous growths from the mucous membrane especiall}^ 

 troublesome. They may be attached to the mucous membrane b}' a 

 narrow neck or by a broad base covering a great part of the organ. 



Symptorrts. — The symptoms are frequent straining, passing of urine 

 and blood with occasionally gravel. An examination of the bladder 

 with the hand in the rectum will detect the new growth, which may 

 be distinguished from a hard resistant stone. In mares, in which the 

 finger can be inserted into the bladder, the recognition is still more 

 satisfactory. The polypi attached by narrow necks may be removed 

 by surgical operation, but for those with broad attachments treatment 

 is eminently unsatisfactory. 



DISCHARGE OF URINE BY THE NAVEL, OR PERSISTENT URACHUS. 



This occurs only in the newborn, and consists in the nonclosure of 

 the natural channel (urachus), through which the urine is discharged 

 into the outer water bag (allantois) in fetal life. At that early stage 

 of the animal existence the bladder resembles a long tube, which is 

 prolonged through the navel string and opens into the outermost of 

 the two water bags in which the fetus floats. In this way the urine 

 is prevented from entering the inner water bag (amnion), where it 

 would mingle with the liquids, bathing the skin of the fetus and cause 

 irritation. At birth this channel closes up, and the urine takes the 

 course normal to extra-uterine life. Imperfect closure is more fre- 

 quent in males than in females, because of the great length and small 

 caliber of the male urethra and its consequent tendenc}- to obstruction. 

 In the female there may be a discharge of a few drops only at a time, 

 while in the male the urine will be expelled in strong jets coincidentl}' 

 with the contractions of the bladder and walls of the abdomen. 



The first care is to ascertain if the urethra is pervious by passing a 

 human catheter. This determined, the open urachus may be firml}^ 

 closed by a stout vraxed thread, carried with a needle through the tis- 

 sues back of the opening and tied in front of it so as to inclose as little 

 skin as possible. If a portion of the navel string remains, the tying- 

 of that may be all sufficient. It is important to tie as early as possi)jle 



