DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 127 



3'ou can administer a ball or capsule, or have anyone at hand who is 

 capable of doing it, a dram of sulphate of c^uinine in a capsule, or 

 made into a ball, with sufficient linseed meal and molasses, given every 

 three hours during the height of the fever, -will do good in many 

 cases. The ball of carbonate of ammonia, as advised in the treatment 

 of bronchitis, may be tried if the animal is hard to drench. The heart 

 should be kept strong b}^ administering digitalis in doses of 2 drams of 

 the tincture every three hours, or strja'hnia 1 grain made into a pill 

 with liquorice powder three times daily. 



If the horse becomes very much debilitated, stimulants of a more 

 pronounced character are required. The following- drench is useful: 

 Rectified spirits, 3 ounces; spirits of nitrous ether, 2 ounces; water, 1 

 pint. This may be repeated every four or five hours if it seems to 

 benefit; or 6 ounces of good whisky, diluted with a pint of water, 

 may be given as often, instead of the foregoing. 



During the period of conv^alescence good nutritive food should be 

 allowed in a moderate quantity. Tonic medicines should be substi- 

 tuted for those used during the fever. The same medicines advised 

 for the convalescing period of bronchitis are equall}?^ efficient in this 

 case, especially the iodide of potash. Likewise, the same general 

 instructions apply here. 



The chief causes of death m pneumonia are heart failure from 

 exhaustion, suffocation, or blood poisoning from death (gangrene) of 

 lung tissue. The greater the area of lung tissue diseased the greater 

 the danger, hence double pneumonia is more fatal than pneumonia of 

 one lung. 



THE WINDPIPE, 



Tlie windpipe, or trachea, as it is technically called, is the flexible 

 tube that extends from the larynx, which it succeeds at the throat, 

 to above the base of the heart in the chest, where it terminates b}^ 

 dividing into the right and left bronchi — the tubes going to the right 

 and left lung, respectively. The windpipe is composed of about fifty 

 incomplete rings of cartilage united by ligaments. A muscular layer 

 is situated on the superior surface of the rings. Internally the tube 

 is lined with a continuation of the mucous membrane that lines the 

 entire respiratory tract, which here has very little sensibility in 

 contrast to that lining the laiynx, which is endowed with exquisite 

 sensitiveness. 



The windpipe is not subject to any special disease, but is more or 

 less affected during laryngitis (sore throat), influenza, bronchitis, 

 etc., and requires no special treatment. The membrane may be left in 

 a thickened condition after these attacks. One or more of the rings 

 may be accidently fractured, or the tube may be distorted or mal- 

 formed as the result of violent injury. After the operation of trache- 

 otomy it is not uncommon to find a tumor or malformation as a result, 



