312 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



manger, the rack, etc. Clots of blood in the nasal passages must be 

 washed out, collections of pus must be removed from the sinuses, and 

 if the teeth are loosened and likely to fall out the}' should be removed. 

 If roaring is threatened, tracheotomy is indicated. 



FRACTURES OF THE PREMAXILLAKY BONE. 



These are mentioned by continental authors. They are usually 

 encountered in connection with fractures of the nasal bone, and ma}'- 

 take place either in the width or the length of the bone. 



The deformit}' of the upper lip, which is drawn sidewise in this 

 lesion, renders it easy of diagnosis. The abnoi-mal mobility and the 

 crepitation, with the pain manifested by the patient when undergoing 

 examination, are concurrent s^-mptoms. Looseness of the teeth, 

 abundant salivation, and entire inability to grasp the food complete 

 the symptomatology of these accidents. In the treatment, splints of 

 gutta-percha or leather are sometimes used, but they' are of difficult 

 application. Our own judgment and practice are in favor of the 

 union of the bones b}' means of metaliit". sutures. 



FRACTVRES OF THE I-<)\VEK JAW. 



A fracture here is not an injur}' of infrequent occurrence. It 

 involves the body of the bone, at its symphysis, or back of it, and 

 includes one or both of its branches, either more or less forAvard, or 

 at the posterior part near the temporo-maxillary articulation, at the 

 coronoid process. 



Falls, blows, or other external violence, or powei-ful muscular con- 

 tractions during the use of the speculum, may be mentioned among 

 the causes of this lesion. The fracture of the neck, or that portion 

 formed by the juncture of the two opposite sides, and of the branches 

 in front of the cheeks, causes the lower jaw, the true dental arch, to 

 drop, without the ability to raise it again to the upper, and the result 

 is a peculiar and characteristic physiognomy. The prehension and mas- 

 tication of food become impossible; there is an abundant escape of 

 fetid and sometimes bloody saliva, especially if the gums have been 

 wounded; there is excessive mobility of the lower end of the jawbone; 

 and there is crepitation, and frequently paralysis of the under lip. 

 Although an animal suflFering with a complete and often compound 

 and comminuted fracture of the submaxilla presents at times a serious 

 aspect, the prognosis of the case is comparatively favorable, and 

 recovery is usually only a question of time. The severity of the lesion 

 corresponds in degree with that of the violence to which it is due, also 

 with the resulting complications and the situation of the wound. It 

 is simple when at the symphysis, but becomes more serious when it 

 affects one of the branches, and most aggravated when both are 

 involved. Fracture of the coronoid process becomes important prin-' 



