410 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



It ma}' be claimed, however, that an inherited predisposition to navic- 

 ular disease consists not so much in a special susceptibility of the 

 tissues which are involved in the process as in a vice of conformation 

 which, as is well known, is likely to be transmitted from parent to off- 

 spring. The faults of conformation most likely to be followed b}^ the 

 development of navicular disease are an insufficient plantar cushion, 

 a small frog, high heels, excessive knee action, and contracted heels. 

 Finally, the environments of domestication and use, such as dry sta- 

 bles, heav}' pulling, bad shoeing, punctured wounds, etc.. all have 

 their influence in developing this disease. 



Symptoms. — In the earl}' stages of navicular disease the symptoms 

 are generally very obscure. When the disease begins in inflammation 

 of the navicular bone the animal, w^hile at rest, points the affected foot 

 a time before any lameness is seen. While at work he apparently 

 travels as well a« ever, but when placed in the stable one foot is set 

 out in front of the other, resting on the toe, with fetlock and knee 

 flexed. After a time, if the case is closely watched, the animal takes 

 a few lame steps while at work, but the lameness disappears as sud- 

 denly- as it (jame and the driver doubts if the animal was reality lame 

 at all. Later on the patient has a lame spell which may last during a 

 greater part of the day, but the next morning it is gone; he leaves the 

 stable all right, but goes lame again during the day. In time he has 

 a severe attack of lameness, which may last for a week or more, when 

 a remission takes place and it may be weeks or months before another 

 attack supervenes. Finally, he becomes constantly lame, and the more 

 he is used the greater the lameness. 



In the lameness from navicular disease the affected leg alwa3's takes 

 a short step, and the toe of the foot first strikes the ground; so the 

 shoe is most worn at this point. If the patient is made to move back- 

 wards, the foot is set down with exceeding g,reat care, and the weiglit 

 rests upon the affected leg but a moment. When exercised he often 

 stumbles, and if the road is rough he may fall on his knees. If he is 

 lame in both feet the gait is stiltj^, the shoulders seem stiff, and, if 

 made to work, sweats profusely from intense pain. Earl}^ in the 

 development of the disease a careful examination will reveal some 

 increased heat in the heels and frog, particularly after work; as the dis- 

 ease progresses this becomes more marked, until the whole foot is hot to 

 the touch. At the same time there is an increased sensibilit}- of the foot, 

 for the patient flinches from the percussion of a hammer lightl}' applied 

 to the frog and heels or from the pressure of the smith's pincers. The 

 frog is generally shrunken, often of a pale-red color, and at times is 

 affected with thrush. If the heels are pared away so that all the weight 

 is received on the frog, or if the same result is attained b}'^ the appli- 

 cation of a bar shoe, the animal is excessively lame. The muscles of 

 the leg and shoulder shrink awa}^, and often tremble as the animal 



