532 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



culty to sheep and goats, and cattle seem to be eutirel}' unmiinc. It 

 runs a variable course and usually produces the death of the animal 

 affected with it. It is characterized by the formation of neoplasms, 

 or nodules, of connective tissue, which degenerate into ulcers from 

 which exude a peculiar discharge. It is accompanied bj^ a variable 

 amount of fever, according to the rapidit}'^ of its course. It is subject 

 to various complications of the lymphatic glands, of the lungs, of the 

 testicles, of the internal organs, and of the subcutaneous connective 

 tissue. 



Histoi'y. — Glanders is one of the oldest diseases of which we have 

 definite knowledge in the history of medicine. Absj'rtus, the Greek 

 veterinarian in the arm}^ of Constantine the Great, described this dis- 

 ease with considerable accuracy and recognized the contagiousness of 

 its character. Another Greek veterinarian, Vegetius Renatus, who 

 lived in the time of Thcodosius (381 A. D.), described, under the name 

 of Malleus humldus, a disease of the horse characterized by a nasal dis- 

 charge and accompanied by superficial ulcers. He recognized the con- 

 tagious properties of the discharge of the external ulcers, and recom- 

 mended that all animals sick with the disease should be separated at 

 once with the greatest care from the others, and should be pastured in 

 separate fields for fear the other animals should become afi'ected. 



In 1682 Sollysel, the stable master of Louis XIV, published an 

 account of glanders and farcy, which he considered closel}^ related to 

 each other, although he did not recognize them as identical. He 

 admitted the existence of a virus which communicated the disease from 

 an infected animal to a sound one. He called special attention to the 

 feed troughs and water buckets as being the medium of contagion. 

 He divided glanders into two forms— one malignant and contagious 

 and the other benign — and he stated that there was alwa^'s danger of 

 infection. 



Garsault, in ITtiG, said "that as this disease is comnmnicatcd ver}- 

 easily, and can infect in a verj^ short time a prodigious number of 

 horses by means of the discharges which may l)e licked up, animals 

 infected with glanders should be destroyed." 



Bourgelat, the founder of veterinary schools, in his ''Elements of 

 Hippiatary," published in 1755, establishes glanders as a virulent 

 disease. 



Extensive outbreaks of glanders are described as prevailing in the 

 great armies of continental Europe and England from time to time 

 during the periods of all the wars of the last few centuries. 



Glanders was imported into America at the close of the last century, 

 and before the end of the first half of the present century had spread 

 to a considerable degree among the horses of the Middle and immedi- 

 atel}^ adjoining Southern States. This disease Avas unknown in Mexico 

 until carried there during the Mexican war by the badly diseased horses 

 of the United States Army. During the first half of the present cen- 



