SEC. 2. THE MAIN FACTS OF THE CIRCULATION. 



113. Before we attempt to study in detail the working of 

 these several parts of the mechanism it will be well, even at the 

 risk of some future repetition, to take a brief survey of some 

 of the salient features. 



At each beat of the heart, which in man is repeated about 72 

 times a minute, the contraction or systole of the ventricles drives a 

 certain quantity of blood, probably amounting to about 180 c.c. (4 to 

 6 oz.), with very great force into the aorta (and the same quantity 

 of blood with less force into the pulmonary artery). The dis- 

 charge of blood from the ventricle into the aorta is very rapid 

 and the time taken up by it is, as we shall see, much less 

 than the time which intervenes between it and the next dis- 

 charge of the next beat. So that the flow from the heart into 

 the arteries is most distinctly intermittent, sudden rapid dis- 

 charges alternating with relatively long intervals during which 

 the arteries receive no blood from the heart. 



At each beat of the heart just as much blood flows, as we shall 

 see, from the veins into the right auricle as escapes from the left 

 ventricle into the aorta ; but, as we shall also see, this inflow is 

 much slower, takes a longer time, than the discharge from the 

 ventricle. 



When the finger is placed on an artery in the living body, a 

 sense of resistance is felt, and this resistance seems to be increased 

 at intervals, corresponding to the heart-beats, the artery at each 

 heart-beat being felt to rise up or expand under the finger, 

 constituting what we shall study hereafter as the pulse. In certain 

 arteries this pulse may be seen by the eye. When the finger is 

 similarly placed on a corresponding vein very little resistance is 

 felt, and, under ordinary circumstances no pulse can be perceived 

 by the touch or by the eye. 



When an artery is severed, the flow of blood from the proximal 



