96 LECTURES ON VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL CHEMISTRY. 



completed, by the examination of the other compound of oxy- 

 gen and carbon, termed carbonic oxide *. 



To the three Lower Classes at Bruce Castle, Courses of 

 Lectures were addressed, in the first half-year of 1830, on 

 Vegetable and Animal Chemistry ; and, with some necessary 

 adaptations, they were afterwards delivered to the Upper 

 Classes : of these Lectures, the following is a Syllabus. 



The Course on Vegetable Chemistry was commenced by 

 an account of the Sugar Cane and its cultivation, followed by 

 a description of the means employed for extracting the juice 

 from it ; a statement of the nature and composition of the 

 juice, and an account of the method adopted for its conversion 

 into the solid Raw or Moist Sugar, various specimens of 

 which, both of East-Indian and West-Indian manufacture, 

 were exhibited to the classes. 



The two kinds of saccharine matter contained in the juice 

 of the cane and other sources of sugar, were then described, 

 white sugar-candy, and the best loaf-sugar being named and 

 exhibited as examples of the one, the crystallizable, and 

 molasses as an example of the other, the un crystallizable 

 kind. The object of refining sugar, or that of the processes 

 conducted by the Sugar-Baker, was stated to be the separa- 

 tion of the two kinds of sugar from each other, and the modi- 

 fied crystallization of theformer kind, for domestic use. Some 

 particulars of the history of this art were given, that opinion 

 being regarded as the most probable, which derives it originally 

 from China. 



A somewhat detailed account was then entered into of the 

 process of refining sugar, founded chiefly upon the materials 

 communicated to Mr. Brande by Mr. Daniell, and published 

 in the "Manual of Chemistry" of the former chemist. It 

 was illustrated by rough extemporary models of the imple- 

 ments, moulds, &c., employed in the process, by specimens of 

 the lime, albumen, and other substances made use of, and by 

 numerical diagrams of the proportions of refined sugar yield- 

 ed by given quantities of raw sugars of different samples. 



Here were introduced some particulars of the method in- 

 vented by the late Mr. Edward Howard, of conducting the 

 evaporation of the syrup, or solution of raw sugar, which forms 

 part of the process, in a vacuum, in order to avoid the dark 



* The consideration of Boron was intentionally omitted in this view of the 

 history of the non-metallic combustibles ; on account of its not being an im- 

 portant body, so far as the chemistry of nature and of the arts is concerned, 

 and of its not having any very important relation to the supporters of com- 

 bustion or to the other combustibles. 



