Contents xv 



PAGE 



The preliminary precipitation of neutral carbo- 

 nates with the sulphates by addition of a slight excess 

 of concentrated solution of Barium-Chloride made it 

 possible to determine the loosely bound carbonic acid 

 v and without contamination with carbonic acid 

 derived from the decomposition of the neutral carbo- 

 nates, as was the case in Jacobsen's experiments. The 

 importance of this lay in the fact that it is only the free 

 or the half-bound carbonic acid that can be held to form 

 part of the atmosphere off ered to the inhabitants of the 

 water, and it was the chemist's first business to deter- 

 mine this. This is given quite accurately by the 

 "Challenger" results ....... 58 



Manganese nodules at first believed to be peculiar to 

 the bottom of the deepest oceans. 



This was shown to be unfounded by the author who 

 dredged them from a depth of 100 fathoms in Loch 

 I-Yne, Scotland, in September, 1878. 



Manganese nodules always contain Nickel and Cobalt. 



Hence the earliest view was that they were products 

 of the oxidation of meteorites which had fallen in the 

 ocean .......... 59 



This had to be given up : evidence accumulated that 

 tin- organic life on the bottom of the sea participates in 

 tla-ir formation. 



Evidence that the mud is passed through the bodies 

 of the ground fauna of the ocean with generation of 

 sulphur . ........ 60 



Bathybius: discovered by Huxley 61 



Knthusiastically welcomed by Haeckel ... 62 



The naturalists on the "Challenger" searched for 

 Bathybius but found nothing answering to it that 



n ........ 63 



As i the expedition I showed that the body 



uhxh had IMTII taken for an organism was Calcinm 

 Sulphate. >rm ! an amorphous |,-H V - 



M prepai* 



oas ofation with alcohol 



Ft Ix i-.isll 



t>\ 



DMthodfl Tin- < hlonne method <jtiite unsmt- 

 se at sea, because there, nothing is free t; 

 Besides, it does not give t 

 water directly 65 



