Contents xix 



PAGE 



Comparison of observations of temperature and 

 density made in the "Buccaneer" and in the 

 "Challenger" in identical local! t: 



Remarkably rapid fall of temperature in water near 

 the surface, observed both in the "Challenger" and in 

 the "Buccaneer" ....... 99 



Record of surface currents obtained by bottles 

 thrown overboard ....... 100 



Strength of some of the undercurrents . . . 101 



Protective action of fresh water on the surface in 

 preventing the penetration of heat into the lower 

 layers of water . . . . . . . . IO2 



Tables illustrating the influence of distribution of 

 density on that of temperature in the ocean . . 103 



Importance of the study of ocean currents, especi- 

 ally those in equatorial waters, and the advantage of 

 employing several ships in the work . . . 1 04 



Peculiar position of the Indian Ocean with regard 

 to the equatorial currents of the Pacific, from which it 

 receives a great augmentation of heat. Some observa- 

 tions of the vcK city of the equatorial currents . . 105 



Detailed account of the author's voyage along the 

 Coast of the American continent from Valparaiso 

 to San Francisco; and his study of the remarkable 

 fringes of abnormally cold water found on this coast, 

 south of Cape Blanco at the mouth of the Guayaquil 

 river and north of Cape St Lucas, the southern ex- 

 tremitv of the ('alitornian peninsula. 



Similar fringes of cold water occur on all the other 

 oceanic coasts which are homologous with those of the 

 American continent as above specified. . . . 106 



The distin. tive feature which determines thi> 



iogy is that thr particular roast shall be, in the 



general system t the winds of the "lobe, a windward 



coast, that IS, a coast from which the normal world wind 



I .oral winds. MM h as land biovrs and sea- 



/es, do not fall within tin- M/i-nln ation. 



> lil wind- tin- tiadr \\inds t,d- : 



rank Itant mo h.iiiK al ntrrt o! tin- north-east 



trade-wind i> to drive the surtai < u.itrr in a south- 

 westerly duo tion. and tern coast of 

 the contn, bO umduaid oi it . that of the 

 south eav ::id is to di ive the surface water in a 



