Contents xxi 



PAGE 



cold water, as it is iound, in the latitude of New York, it 

 would necessarily have a strength which would ensure 



being dealt with in the sailing directions for 

 mariners on this coast, because it would afford so great 

 assistance to southward bound traffic, and would be such 

 a hindrance to traffic in the opposite direction ; but there 

 is no record or specification of any current of this order. 

 .-equently we must accept, as the source of the 

 cold water, the local abyssmal region whence water of 

 the required temperature and ii\ unlimited quantity 

 can be drawn with the least expenditure of energy. 



The cold water of these littoral fringes is character- 

 ised, not only by low temperature and low density, but 

 also by a peculiar green colour . ... 109 



Discovery that this colour is due to Chlorophyll . no 



.Observation by Captain Hoffmann of the German 

 navy of a fringe of abnormally cold water in the Indian 

 Ocean, on the east African coast, between the parallels 

 of 4 N. and 8 N. in the month of July, 1886 . . 1 1 1 



This is the season of the south-west monsoon, and, 

 \\hen it is blowing, the Somali coast is a pronounced 

 windward shore. 



It is proposed to call the phenomenon of the ascent 

 of colder water to the surface an Uprise; and the 

 opposite phenomenon, that of a descent of warmer 

 water from the surface to greater depths, a Downthrow. 



Th- most interesting downthrow in the ocean is that 

 of the Sareasso Sea, and it is due to it that the tempera- 

 tun 1,1 tl. at a depth of 1000 fathoms is higher 



there than in any other part of the open ocean at the 

 same depth. ..... . 1 1 j 



i KMPERATURE OF THE SEA 

 AND THAT OF i HI AIR ABOVE IT. [From Nature, 



June ii, i.SXs, Vol. XXXM. pp. ij'> 130] . . . 113 



iort paper gives a re<nl of simultaneous 



obseiAatiMii-, of the teniperitnre <.t" the MII tare- water 



f the air immediately above it, made 



during a voyage hm I'.n-land t> the Kiver Plate in 

 tin- l>ei! 



>meter was ; ail j 



Description of it an /en> in melting 



Me on the v.i! 'tig 



