Contents xxxv 



PACK 



Historical evidence of the encroachment of the 

 Italian shore on the -sea. 



Similar phenomenon observed near the mouths of 

 the Rhone and the Nile. 



This is not evidence either <>i n>mg land or of re- 



'.g- sea but of shiftage of material of the land. 

 Density of the water of the Mediterranean . . j 2 1 

 Its waters are easily recognized by their exception- 

 ally high density. Those of the Black Sea are remark- 

 able for their low density. 



The temperature and density of the surface waters 

 idences of the local climate, and are an expression 

 of the balance between evaporation and precipitation 

 within the drainage area of the particular region. 



Estimate of the dimensions of a Mediterranean 

 isolated from the ocean, after an exact balance between 



tation and evaporation has been established. 

 Importance of the system of exchange of water of 

 the Atlantic with that of the Mediterranean in the 



t'.ibraltar 222 



l><-tuiled Mirvey of these currents made in H.M.S. 

 i water," by Captain Nares. with Dr Carpenter 

 and Mr C.wynn Jeffries in the summer of 1871. 



The Mediterranean is like a marine boiler driving an 

 engine with an inadequate condenser and having to 

 supplement the feed with salt water. Its water is kept 

 up ami maintained at a constant degree of salinity by 



ted from the Atlantic at the surface and 1>< 

 " brined down " into the Atlantic at the bottom, subject 

 to the condition that the amount of salt entering the 

 : the feed shall be equal to the amount leaving it in 

 the brine, in a given interval <>1 time .... 

 Mediterranean ..... 

 .My noticeable near the Stiaits <>t < iibr.dt.tr. 

 In the body of the sea their i ill 



ts oi wind on the watei> o| tin- Mrditenanean 

 Their M the urients 



::i i. alitiee like r .md 



t . . . 226 



lean. 



MS sugges i at depths of < > 



300 f.< had a unitoim trmpnature of 

 I2-7C. or 54-0 Fahr 



