Physical Geography of the Great Oceans 1 1 1 



At Cape Warschek (lat. 2 30' X.) strong cross currents were observed, 

 and it seemed that the along-shore current here swept out to sea. The 

 remarkable change in temperature which here commences seems to be 

 connected with the change of current. Up to this point the temperature 

 both of air and water had remained sensibly the same (77 F.) as at Zan/ 

 As soon as the strong current had ceased, the temperature of the water 

 fell rapidly between the parallels of 4 N. and 8 N., and attained at 

 Ras al Khyle the abnormally low minimum of 59 F. As a consequence 

 of this the temperature of the air fell. With a clear sky the thermometer 

 did not rise at midday above 68 F., so that exposure to the direct sun 

 was in no way disagreeable. The horizon was hazy, and at night there 

 was heavy dew. The sea had a deep olive-green, often almost black, 

 appearance ; close to the coast it was clear green. In the seas of normal 

 temperature the colour of the water was always deep blue. In every 

 other region of the sea one would conclude from these observations that 

 there was here a polar stream. Here it will be impossible to avoid admitting 

 a rising of the water from greater depths. It is proved thus, in the great 

 depths of the ocean here, as well as in other regions, the water is cooled 

 down to near the freezing point. 



We have seen that the season when Captain Hoffmann 

 passed along this coast was that of the south-west monsoon, 

 and at this season the Somali coast is a pronounced windward 

 shore, and exhibits the same characteristics as the corresponding 

 coasts of Morocco and western South America. 



A very important example of this class of homologies remains 

 to be mentioned. It occurs on the south-east roast of South 

 America, and it is due to the influence of the great world-wind 

 of the southern hemisphere, which blows strongly throughout 

 the year from west to east in the latitudes known to seamen as 



K>. llill- [<>!! : 



'I hi- i- the ino-t powrrlul and the most constant mechanical 

 ing agent on tin- Hirface of the globe. In the circle which 

 it makes of the globe it has only one windward >lniv. n.i: 

 the Patagonian Coast of South America. If : 1 '- 1 tin- 

 occurrence of abnormally cold w itn in 1885 a- 



1 it. 30 S., and it i- shn\\M .n the . h.ut ^\ h<m< -logics, 

 important that thi-> phen>m<-n<>n should have a name, 

 and I propose to call it an Uprise; t> m-an. that, m t!; 

 wh.-i. it n< iud on ' 



win. li p- 



spending to ;>eratu?e of t: Innate < 



