26 NEW- YORK FAUNA — BIRDS. 



FAMILY MOTACILLIDJE. 



Bill moderately long, straight, slender : bristles at the base small or wanting. Upper man- 

 dible slightly notched and bent at the tip. Nostrils basal, elliptical, half closed by a 

 membrane. Form slender. Tongue cartilaginous, slender ; the tip slit. Toes subequal ; 

 the claw of the hind toe generally long. Wings moderate or long ; the scapulars occa- 

 sionally much elongated. Tail emarginate. 



GENUS ANTHUS. Bechstein. 



Bill moderate, straight, destitute of bristles ; edges somewhat inflected in the middle. Upper 

 mandible carinate at the base, rounded beyond, notched slightly, and a little benfat the tip. 

 Tarsus much compressed, longer than the middle toe ; hind toe shortest, with a long and 

 rather straight claw. Outer three quills subequal, longest. Secondaries notched at the 

 tips : one or more of the scapulars (inner secondaries, Audubon) nearly as long as the 

 primaries. Tail long, emarginate. 



THE AMERICAN TITLARK. 



Anthus ludovicianus. 



PLATE LXIV. FIG. 99 (Male). 



(STATE COLLECTION. Male and female.) 



Aiauda ludoniciana. LiNNiEUs. Gmelin. 



Alauda rufa. Wilson, Am. Orn. Vol. 5, p. 89, pi. 42, fig. 4. 



Anthus spinoletta. Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. N. "V. Vol. 2, p. 90. 



A. aquaticus et pipiens. Adddbon, folio, pi. 10 and 60 ; Orn Biog. Vol. 1 , p- 49 (adult) ; Vol. 1, p. 408 (young) ; 



Vol. 5, p. 449. 

 Brown or Red Lark. Nuttall, Man. Orn. Vol. 1, p. 450. 

 A. aquaticus. Richardson, F. B. A. Vol.2, p. 231, pi. 44. 

 American Pipit or Titlark. Audubon, B. of A. Vol. 3, p. 40, pi. 150. 

 A. ludovicianus, American Pipit. Gieaud, Birds of Long island, p. 94. 



Characteristics. Beneath, and line over the eye whitish ; breast spotted with black. Tail- 

 feathers dark : outer one half white ; the second, and occasionally the 

 third, tipped with white. Old male, slightly roseate beneath. Female, 

 more spotted below. Young, line over the eye, and beneath, reddish 

 yellow. Length, 7 inches. 



