THE NOSE AND MOUTK. 



123 



from the companion, or the brutality of the attendant. It is generally followed by 

 laceration of the lining membrane of the nostrils, and by haemorrhage. The haemor- 

 rhage may usually be arrested by the application of cold water externally. In spon- 

 taneous haemorrhage this does not often succeed until a considerable quantity of blood 

 is lost. 



In cases of fracture of the nasal bones, the assistance of a veterinary surgeon is 

 indispensable. He alone knows the precise anatomy of the parts, and will have 

 recourse to the elevatur or the trephine, as circumstances may require. 



The owner must not be too sanguine with regard to cases of this kind, fur ozena, — 

 ulceration attended by a peculiar and almost insufferable stench — is too often the con- 

 sequence, or foundation may be laid, for the appearance, of glanders. 



Spontaneous bleeding from the nose must be carefully attended to. It may proceed 

 from over-fulness of the capillaries of the membrane of the nose, or determination of 

 blood to the head, or general pletliora of the system. Those that are overfed and 

 overfat are most liable to it, as troop-horses, brewers' horses, and horses kept for 

 pleasure. It is not common in young horses, or in such as are out of condition, or 

 worked hardly. It is always desirable to know whence the bleeding proceeds — if 

 from the nostril alone, it will usually be confined to one side — ^if from the lungs, the 

 discharge is from both nostrils, and generally mingled with mucus, or spume, — there 

 is also a quickened respiration, and more or less cough. 



If it is apparently connected with some slight cause, a dose of physic and quietness 

 for a day or two will bo sufficient, and, if necessary, a slight solution of alum may be 

 injected up the nostril. If the bleeding is apparently from the lungs, a more serious 

 evacuation will be required. 



These bones form the roof of an important cavity (see a, p. 72). The sides are 

 constituted above by the nasal bones, ancL, lower down, by the upper jaw-bones, {supe- 

 rior maxillaries), while plates from these latter bones project and compose the palate, 

 which is both the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth (/, p. 72). Above (near 

 fig. 8), not visible in our cut, is a bone called the palatine, although it contributes very 

 little to the formation of the palate. It is the termination of the palate, or the border 

 of the opening where the cavities of the mouth and nose meet (tig. 8). The frontal 

 sinuses, 5, and large vacuities in the upper jaw-bone, and in the sethmoid, /, and sphe- 

 noid bones, k, communicate witli and enlarge the cavity of the nose. 



This cavity is divided into two parts by a cartilage called the Septum (see a, p. 72). 

 It is of considerable thickness and strength, and divides the cavity of the nose into 

 two equal parts. It is placed in the centre for the pu*pose of strength, and it is formed 

 of cartilage, in order that, by its gradual yielding resistance, it may neutralize almost 

 any force that may be applied to it. 



When we open the nostril, we see the membrane by which the cartilage, and the 

 whole of the cavity of the nose, is lined, and by the colour of which, much more 

 than by that of the lining of the eyelids, we judge of the degree of fever, and par- 



