GLANDERS. 131 



is strangely pallid. The eye is infiltrated with a yellow fluid ; and the discharge 

 from the nose becomes more profuse, and insufferably offensive. The animal presents 

 one mass of putrefaction, and at last dies exhausted. 



The enlargement of the submaxillary glands, as connected with this disease, may, 

 perhaps, require a little farther consideration. A portion of the fluid secreted by the 

 membrane of the nose, and altered in character by the peculiar inflammation there 

 existing, is absorbed ; and, as it is conveyed along the lymphatics, in order to arrive 

 at the place of its destination, it inflames them, and causes them to enlarge and sup- 

 purate. There is, however, a peculiarity accompanying the inllaniination which they 

 take from the absorption of the virus of glanders. They are rarely large, except at 

 first, or hot, or tender; but they are characterised by a singular hardness, a proximity 

 to the jaw-bone, and, frequently, actual adhesion to it. Tiie adliesion is produced by 

 the inflammatory action going forward in the gland, and the effusion of coagulable 

 lymph. This hardness and adhesion accompanying discharge from the nostril, and 

 being on the same side with the nostril whence the discharge proceeds, afford proof 

 not to be controverted that the horse is glandered. Notwithstanding this, however, 

 there are cases in which the glands are neither adherent nor much enlarged, and yet 

 there is constant discharge from one or both nostrils. The veterinary surgeon would 

 have little hesitation in pronouncingr them to be cases of glanders. He will trust to 

 the adhesion of the gland, but he will not be misled by its looseness, nor even by its 

 absence altogether. 



Glanders have often been confounded with strangles, and by those who ought to 

 have known better. Strangles are peculiar to young horses. The early stage 

 resembles common cold, with some degree of fever and sore throat — generally with 

 distressing cough, or at least frequent wheezing ; and when the enlargement appears 

 beneath the jaw, it is not a single small gland, but a swelling of the whole of the 

 substance between the jaws, growing harder towards the centre, and, after a while, 

 appearing to contain a fluid, and breaking. In strangles, the membrane of the nose 

 will be intensely red, and the discharge from the nose profuse and purulent, or mixed 

 with matter almost from the first. When the tumour has burst, the fever will abate, 

 and the horse will speedily get well. 



Should the discharge from the nose continue, as it sometimes does, for a consider- 

 able time after the horse lias recovered from strangles, there is no cause for fear. 

 Simple strangles need never degenerate into glanders. Good keep, and small doses 

 of tonic medicine, will gradually perfect the cure. 



Glanders have been confounded with catarrh or cold; but the distinction between 

 ther*. IS plain enough. Fever, and loss of appetite and sore throat, accompany cold — 

 the (fuidding of the food and gulping of the water are sufficient indications of the 

 la^Vsi of these ; the discharge from the nose is profuse, and perhaps purulent ; the 

 gf«.ii(l9 under the jaw, if swelled, are moveable, there is a thickenino- around them, 

 and t'iey are tender and hot. With proper treatment the fever abates ; the cough 

 disappears ; the swellings under the throat subside ; and the discharge from the nose 

 ffradually ceases, or, if it remains, it is usually very different from that which 

 characterises glanders. In glanders, there is seldom cough of any consequence, and 

 generally no cough at all. 



A running from the nose, small in quantity, and, from the smallness of its quantity, 

 drying about the edges of the nostril, and presenting some appearance of stickiness, 

 will, in a few cases, remain after severe catarrh, and especially after the influenza of 

 spring; and these have gradually assumed the character of glanders, and more par- 

 ticularly when they have been accompanied by enlarg-ed glands and ulceration in the 

 nose. Here the aid of a judicious veterinary surfreon is indispensable; and he will 

 sometimes experience considerable difficulty in deciding the case. One circumstance 

 will principally guide him. No disease will run on to glanders which has not, to a 

 considerable and palpable decree, impaired and broken down the constitution ; and 

 every disease that does this will run on to glanders. He will look then to the general 

 state and condition of the horse, as well as to the situation of the glands, the nature 

 of the discharge, and the character of the ulceration. 



If, after all, he is in doubt, an experiment may be resorted to, which wears indeed 

 the appearance of cruelty, and which onlj^ the safety of a valuable animal, or of a 



