142 ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE NOSE AND MOUTK. 



A stream of blood will be thus obtained, which will 

 usually cease to flow when two or three quarts have 

 escaped, or may generally be arrested by the applica- 

 tion of a sponge tilled with cold water. 



This, however, is a make-shift sort of bleeding 

 tliat may be allowable on a journe)^ and possibly in 

 some cases of lampas, but which is decidedly objec- 

 tionable as the usual mode of abstracting blood. 

 The quantity withdrawn cannot be measured, the 

 degree of inllammation cannot be ascertained by the 

 manner in which it coagulates, and there may be 

 difficulty to the operator, and annoyance and pain to 

 the horse, in stopping the bleeding. 



This cut likewise depicts the appearance of the 

 roof of the mouth, if the bars were dissected off, and 

 of the numerous vessels, arterial and venous, which 

 ramify over it. 



L A i\I P A S . 



The bars occasionally swell, and rise to a level 

 with, and even beyond the edge of, the teeth. They 

 are very sore, and the horse feeds badly on account of 

 the pain he suffers from the pressure of the food on 

 them. This is called the Lampas. It may arise 

 from inflammation of the gums, propagated to the 

 bars, when the horse is shedding his teeth — and 

 young horses are more subject to it than others — or 

 from some slight febrile tendency in the constitution 

 generally, as when a young horse has lately been 

 taken up from grass, and has been over-fed, or not sufficiently exercised. At times, 

 it appears in aged horses; for the process of growth in the teeth of the horse is con- 

 tinued during the whole life of the animal. 



In the majority of cases, the swelling will soon subside without medical treatment; 

 or a few mashes, and gentle alteratives, will relieve the animal. A few slight inci- 

 sions across the bars with a lancet, or penknife, will relieve the inflammation, and 

 cause the swelling to sul)side ; indeed, this scarification of the bars in lampas will 

 seldom do harm, although it is far from being so necessarj'^ as is supposed. The 

 brutal custom of the farrier, who scars and burns down the bars with a red-hot iron, 

 is most objectionable. It is torturing the horse to no purpose, and rendering that part 

 callous, on the delicate sensibilit}' of which all the pleasure and safety of riding and 

 driving depend, it may be prudent, in case cf lampas, to examine the grinders, and 

 more particularly the tushes, in order to ascertain a\ hether either of them is making 

 its way througli the gum. If it is so, two incisions across each other should be made 

 on the tooth, and the horse will experience immediate relief. 



THE lowi:r .taw. 



Tlie posterior or lower jaw may be considered as forming the floor of the mouth, 

 (ff, p. 68, or w, p. 72). The body, or lower part of it, contains the under cutting 

 teeth and the tushes, and at the sides are two flat pieces of bone, containing the 

 grinders. On the inside, and opposite to a, p. 68, is a foramen, or hole, through 

 which blood-vessels and nerves enter to supply the teeth, and some of which escape 

 again at another orifice on the outside, and near the ni])peTS. 'J'lie brandies are 

 broader and thinner, rounded at the angle of the jaw, and terminating in two processes. 

 One, the coracnic], from its sharpness, or sujiposed resemblance to a be;'.k, passes 

 under the zygomatic arch (s(>e p. 68) ; and the temporal muscle, arising from the 

 whole surface of the parietal bone (see p. 71), is inserted into it, and wrapped round 

 it; and by its action, principally, the jaw is moved, and the food is ground. The 

 other, the cnndijloicl, or rounded process, is received into the glenoid (shallow) cavity 

 of the temporal bone, at the base of the zygomatic arch, and forms the joint on which 

 the lower jaw moves. Tiiis joint is easily seen in the cut at p. 68 ; and being placed 



