THE MUSCLES OF THE HOKSE. 141 



b The superior maxillary or upper jaw. A little lower down than the lettor is a foramen, 

 through which pass the nerves and blood-vessels which chiefly supply the lower 

 part of tlie face. 



c The orbit, or cavity containing the eye. 



d The nasal bones, or bones of the nose. 



e Tho suture dividing the pai-ietal bones below from the occipital bones above. 



/ The inferior maxillar}- bone, containing the upper incisor teeth. 



B The Seven Cervical Vertebrse, or bones of the neck. 



C The Eighteen Dorsal Vertebne, or bones of the back. 



D The Six Lumbar Vertebrte, or bones of the loins. 



E The Five Sacral Vertebrse, or bones of the haunch. 



F The Caudal Vertebrae, or bones of the tail, generally about fifteen. 



G The Scapula, or shoulder-blade. 



H The Sternum, or forepart of the cliest. 



I The Cost;e or ribs, eight articulating with the sternum, and called the true ribs, and 

 ten united together by cartilage, called the fahe ribs. 



J The Humerus, or upper bone of the arm. 



K The Radius, or bone of the fore-arm. 



L The Ulna, or elbow. The point of the elbow is called the Olecranon. 



M The Carpus or knee, consisting of seven bones. 



N The metacarpal bones. The larger metacarpal or cannon or shank in front, and the 

 smaller metacarpial or splint bone behind. 



g The pastern, consisting of the Os Suifraginis, or the upper and larger pastern bone, 

 with the sesamoid bones behind, articulating with the cannon and greater 

 pastern ; h, the Os Coronse, or lesser pastern ; i, the Os Pedis or coffin bone, 

 and the Os Navicular, or navicular, or shuttle-bone, not seen, and articulating 

 with the smaller pastern and coffin bones. 



<7 //. i The corresponding bones of the hind-feet. 



O The Haunch, consisting of three portions, the Ilium, the Ischium, and the Pubis. 



P The Femur or thigh. 



Q, The stifle joint mth the Patella. 



E, The Tibia or proper leg-bone — behind is a small bone called the fibula. 



S The Tarsus or hock, composed of six bones. The prominent part is the Os Calcis, or 

 point of the hock. 



T The Metatarsals of the hind leg. 



THE MUSCLES OF THE HORSE. 



Having fimshed the description of the skeleton, it may now be desira- 

 ble to give the more important of the nmscles by which they are acted 

 on ; this description, however, must be a very general one, and Avill be 

 limited to the first layer of muscles, or those found immediately under the 

 skin, on which, however, the shape and power of the animal, to a very 

 considerable degree, depends ; one plate will be sufficient to dehneate 

 these, and its description will include all that is necessary for the general 

 reader to be acquainted with. 



1. Levator Angliosis, is a portion of the paniculus camosus converging 

 towards the angle of the mouth, which it retracts or draws back. 2. 

 Retractor Labii Superioris, arises from the superior portion of the maxil- 

 lary bone, and is inserted into the upper part of the angle of the mouth, 

 which it draws on one side. 3. Levator Lahii Superioris alceque Nasi, 

 arises from the junction of the lachrymal, nasal, and superior maxillary 

 bones, and divides into two parts, one inserted in the lateral part of the 

 nostril, and the other into the upper and lateral part of the lip ; its action 

 is to raise the lip and dilate the nostril. 



4. Zygomaticus, arises from the zygomatic ridge, and is also inserted 

 into the angle of the mouth, which it retracts. 5. Caainus is a penniform 

 muscle ; the superior portion arises from the superior maxillary bone, a 

 little above the upper canine tooth ; the lower from the posterior maxil- 

 lary, just below the lower canine tooth ; the two meet each other in the 

 space between the upper and lower jaw ; its use is to compress the cheeks. 

 6. Buccinator arises from the superior and inferior maxillary bones, from 

 just above and below the edges of the alveolar sockets, a httle posterior to 



