OF THE HEAD AND UPrER FART OF THE NECK. 



199 



•\vhicli covers the lower part of the cartilaginous partition between tlie 

 nostrils, when the horse is in health and quiet ; then the increased blush 

 of red, betokening some excitement of the system — the streaked appearance 

 of inflammation commenced, and threatening to increase — the intense 

 florid red, of acute inflammation — the pale ground with -patches of vivid 

 red, showing the half subdued, but still existing fever — the uniform colour 

 although somewhat redder than natural, predicting a return to healthy 

 circulation — the paleness approaching to white, marking the stage of 

 debility, and sometimes intermingled with radiations of crimson, inducing 

 the suspicion of lurking mischief; and the dark livid colour of approaching 

 stagnation of the -vital current. These, with all their shades of difference, 

 will be guides to his opinion and treatment, which every one who has 

 studied them will highly appreciate. 



THE MUSCLES, NERVES, AND BLOOD-VESSELS OF THE HEAD AND UPPER PART 



OF THE NECK. 



a The upper part of the ligament of the neck. 



b The Icrato)- humeri (elevator of the shoulder), arising fi'om the tubercle of the occiput, 



the mastoid (nipple-shaped) process of the petrose temporal bone, the transverse 



processes (cross projections) of the four first bones of the neck, and the ligament of 



the neck, and going to the muscles of the shoulders, and the upper bone of the 



arm : to draw forward the shoulder and arm ; or turn the head and neck ; and, 



when the two levators act, to depress the head. 

 c The tendon common to the trachdo mastoideus, and splenius (splint-like) : to the 



mastoid process of the petrose temporal bone, to raise the head, or the muscles on 



one side alone acting, to turn it. 

 d The sferno-ma.rillaris (belonging to the breast-bone and lower jaw), from the cartilage 



in front of the chest to the angle of the lower jaw : to assist in opening the 



mouth. 

 e The sti^lo-maxillarix, from the styloid (pencil-shaped) or coracoid (beak-shaped) process 



of the occiput, to the angle of the jaw : "to pull the jaw backward and open it. 

 / The suhscapulo ht/oidrtig. from the fa.tria of siihscapvlarifi to the body of the os ki/oidi's 



(the bone at the root of the tongue formed like a Greek u, v) : to draw back that 



bone. 

 ff The massetrr (chewing) ; a most powerful muscle, constituting the cheek of the horse : 



from the upper jaw-bone into the rough surface round the angle of the lower : to 



assist in closing the mouth and chewing the food. 

 h The orbicidaris palpehrani 111 (circular), surrounding the eye and closing the lids. 

 i The zygomaticv.s, fi-om the zygomatic arch and masseter to the co'rner of the mouth, to 



draw back the angle of the mouth. 



