202 OZEXA. 



tte discTiarge is considerable and mingled witli pus, we may conclude, that 

 the disease has extended to the sinuses of the head, and that abscesses have 

 formed, most likely, in the frontal sinus. The discharge being very 

 offensive, will indicate that the disease has extended to the bones and 

 cartilag-e. The treatment should consist of the internal administration of 

 sulphate of copper, either mingled with the animal s corn, or m combina- 

 tion with ginger and gentian, continued for a considerable time, for this is 

 a disease which will not verj^ quickly yield to treatment. The animal 

 should be kept on the most nutritious diet, great attention being paid to 

 cleanhness. If the discharge does not yield to tliis treatment, the next 

 course to adopt will be to open the sinuses of the head with the trephine 

 (the method of doing this will be described under ' Operations'), and after 

 having well syringed the parts with warm water, inject some astringent 

 solution, such as the sulphate of zinc or copper. The injection should be 

 at first weak, but gradually increased in strength. If the discharge con- 

 tinue for a length of time, without yielding to treatment, there is danger 

 of its terminating in glanders. 



OZENA. 



Ozena is ulceration of the membrane of the nose not always or often 

 visible, but recognised by the discharge of miico-purulent matter, of a 

 peculiar foetor, from which the disease derives its name. It resembles 

 glanders in being confined in most instances to one nostril, and the sub- 

 maxillary gland on the same side being enlarged ; but differs from it, in 

 the gland not being adherent, and the discharge, from its earliest stage, 

 being purulent and stinking. 



There is sometimes a foetid discharge from the nostril in consequence of 

 inflammation of the lungs, or produced by some of the sequelce of pneu- 

 monia ; distinguished, however, from ozena by its usually flowing irregu- 

 larly, being coughed up in great quantities, more decidedly purulent, and 

 the gland or glands seldom affected. The discharge from ozena is con- 

 stant, muco-purulent, and attended by enlargement of the glands. It is 

 of immense consequence that we should be enabled to distinguish the one 

 from the other ; for while ozena may, sometimes at least, be manageable, 

 the other is too frequently the precui-sor of death. 



The cause of ozena cannot always be discovered. Chronic inflammation 

 of the membrane may assume another and malignant character. In severe 

 catarrh the meinbrane may become abi-aded, and the abrasions may de- 

 generate into foul and foetid ulcers. It is not an unfrequent consequence 

 of epidemic catarrh. It has been produced by caustic appHcations to the 

 lining membrane of the nose. It has followed haemorrhage, spontaneous, 

 or the consequence of injury. 



In some cases, and those as obstinate as any, it cannot perhaps be traced 

 to any probable cause, and the health of the animal has not appeared to 

 be in the slightest degree affected. 



The membrane of the nose is highly sensitive and irritable, and an ulcer, 

 in whatever way formed on it, does not readily heal. It often runs on to 

 gangrene, and destroys not only the membrane, but the bone beneath and 

 even the cartilaginous septum. This is rarely the case in glanders ; and 

 the ravages of the chancrous ulcers are usually confined to the membrane. 

 The ulceration proceeds to a certain point — its progress is then arrested, 

 usually by nature alone — the discharge gradually lessens — it loses its 

 offensive character, and at length ceases. 



Local applications are seldom available in the treatment of this disease ; 

 for we know not the situation of the ulcer, and if we did, we probably 



