GLANDERS 205 



other diseases, as catarrli, will produce tliem. Then we must look out for 

 some i^ecuharity about these glands, and we shall readily find it. The 

 swelling may be at first somewhat large and diffused, but the surrounding 

 enlargement soon goes ofi", and one or two small distinct glands remain ; 

 and they are not in the centre of the channel, but adhere closely to the jaw 

 0)1 the affected side. 



The membrane of the nose should now be examined, and will matei'ially 

 guide our opinion. It 'will either be of a dark purplish hue, or almost of a 

 leaden colour, or of any shade between the two ; or if there is some of the 

 redness of inflammation, it will have a purple tinge : but there will never 

 be the faint pink blush of health, or the intense and vivid red of usual 

 inflammation. Spots of ulceration will probably appear on the membrane 

 covering the cartilage of the nose — not mere sore places, or streaks of 

 abrasion, and quite superficial, but small ulcei-s, usually approaching- to a 

 circular form, deep, and with the edges abrupt and j^rominent. When 

 these appeai'ances are observed, there can be no doubt about the matter. 

 Care should be taken, however, to ascertain that these ulcers do actually 

 exist, for spots of mucus adliering to the membrane have been more than 

 once taken for them. The finger should, if possible, be passed over the 

 supposed ulcer, in order to determine whether it can be wiped away ; and 

 it should be recollected, as was hinted when describing the duct that 

 conveys the tears to the nose, that the orifice of that duct, just within the 

 nostril, and on the inner side of it, has been mistaken for a chancrous 

 ulcer. This orifice is on the continuation of the common skin of the muzzle 

 which runs a httle way up the nostril, while the ulcer of glanders is on the 

 proper membrane of the nose above. The line of separation between the 

 two is evident on the slightest inspection. 



When ulcers begin to appear on the membrane of the nose, the con- 

 stitution of the horse is soon evidently afiected. The patient loses flesh — 

 his belly is tucked up — his coat unthrifty, and readily coming oS" — the 

 appetite is impaired — the strength fails — cough, more or less urgent, may 

 be heard — the discharge from the nose mil increase in quantity ; it will be 

 discoloured, bloody, ofiensive to the smell — the ulcers in the nose will 

 become larger and more numerous, and the air-passages being obstructed, 

 a grating, choking noise will be heard at every act of breathing. There 

 is now a jjecuHar tenderness about the forehead. The membrane lining 

 the frontal sinuses is inflamed and ulcerated, and the integument of the 

 forehead becomes thickened and somewhat swelled. Farcy is now super- 

 added to glanders, and more of the absorbents are involved. 



At or before this time httle tumours appear about the muscles, and 

 face, and neck, following the course of the veins and the absorbents, for 

 they run side by side ; and these tumours soon ulcerate. Tumours or 

 buds, still pursuing the path of the absorbents, soon appear on the inside 

 of the thighs. They are connected together by a corded substance. This 

 is the inflamed and enlarged lymphatic ; and ulceration quickly follows 

 the appearance of these buds. The deeper-seated absorbents are next 

 afiected ; and one or both of the hind-legs swell to a great size, and 

 become stiff", and hot, and tender. The loss of flesh and strength is more 

 marked every day. The membrane of the nose becomes of a dirty livid 

 colour. The membrane of the mouth is strangely palhd. The eye is 

 infiltrated with a yellow fluid ; and the discharge from the nose becomes 

 more profuse, and insufferably offensive. The animal presents one mass 

 of putrefaction, and at last dies exhausted. 



The enlargement of the submaxillary glands, as connected with this 

 disease, may, perhaps, require a little farther consideration. A portion 

 of the fluid secreted by the membrane of the nose, and altered in character 



