GLAXDEKS. S)07 



of the horse, as well as to the situation of the glands, the nature of the 

 discharge, and the character of the ulceration. 



If, after all, he is in doubt, an experiment may be resorted to, which 

 ■wears indeed the appearance of cruelty, and which only the safety of a 

 valuable animal, or of a whole team, can justify. He will inoculate an ass, 

 or a horse already condemned to the hounds, mth the matter discharged 

 from the nose. If the horse is glandered, the spnptoms of glanders or 

 farcy will appear in the inoculated animal in the course of a few days. 



The post-mortem examination of the horse ■will remove every doubt as 

 to the character of the disease. The nostril is generally more or less 

 blanched, ■with spots or lines of inflammation of considerable intensity. 

 Ulceration is almost invariably found, and of a chancrous character, on 

 the septum, and also on the tethmoid and turbinated bones. The ulcers 

 evidently follow the course of the absorbents, sometimes almost confined 

 to the track of the main vessel, or, if scattered over the membrane gene- 

 rally, thickest over the path of the lymphatic. The sethmoid and turbinated 

 bones are often filled with pus, and sometimes eaten through and carious ; 

 but, in the majority of cases, the ulceration is confined to the external 

 membrane, although there may be pus within. In aggravated cases the 

 disease extends through all the cells of the face and head. 



The path of the disease doAvn the larynx and windpipe is easily traced, 

 and the ulcers follow one line — that of the absorbents. In aggravated 

 cases, this can generally be traced on to the lungs. It produces inflam- 

 mation in these organs, characterised in some cases by congestion ; but in 

 other cases, the congestion has gone on to hepatisation, in which the 

 cellular texture of the lungs is obliterated. Most frequently, when the 

 lungs ai'e affected at all, tubei'cles are found — miliary tubercles — minute 

 granulated spots on the surface, or in the substance of the lungs, and not 

 accompanied by much inflammation. In a few cases there are larger 

 tubercles, which soften and burst, and terminate in cavities of varying 

 size ; they are then called vomicte. 



In some cases, and showing that glanders is not essentially or neces- 

 sarily a disease of the lungs, there is no morbid aflfection whatever in 

 those organs. 



The histoi-y thus given of the symptoms of glanders will clearly point 

 out its nature. It is an affection of the membrane of the nose. Some say, 

 and at their head is Professor Dupuy, that it is the production of tubercles, 

 or minute tumours in the upper cells of the nose, which may long exist 

 undetected, except by a scarcely perceptible running from the nostril, 

 caused by the irritation which they occasion. These tubercles gradually 

 become more numerous ; they cluster together, suppui-ate and break, and 

 small ulcerations are formed. The ulcers discharge a poisonous matter, 

 which is absorbed and taken up by the neighbouring glands, and this, with 

 gi-eater or less rapidity, ■vitiates the constitution of the animal, and is 

 capable of communicating the disease to others. Some content themselves 

 ■with saying that it is an inflammation of the membrane of the nose, which 

 may assume an acute or chronic form, or in a very short time, or ex- 

 ceedingly slowly, run on to ulceration. 



It is inflammation, whether specific or common, of the lining membrane 

 of the nose — possibly for months, and even for years, confined to that 

 membrane, and even to a portion of it — the health and the usefulness of 

 the animal not being in the slightest degree impaired. Then, from some 

 unknown cause, not a new but an inteuser action is set up, the inflamma- 

 tion more speedily runs its course and the membrane beeomes ulcerated. 

 The inflammation spreads on either side down the septum, and the alcera- 

 tion at length assumes that peculiar chancrous form which characterises 



