102 BETTER DAIRY FARMING 



and have wide spring of forerib. This chest cavity contains the 

 heart and lungs, and in order to properly do their work they must 

 have ample room. An undesirable type sometimes found has the 

 appearance of having been drawn in behind the shoulders with a 

 belt. 



161. The forequarters. — "They should be fine — free from 

 any coarseness. The vertebrae should be very open from the 

 shoulders along the back and free from flesh. This will not be so 

 pronounced in animals in good flesh that are dry and soon to 

 freshen; nor in heifers that are below the milking age. A great 

 change very frequently takes place in the structure of the shoulders 

 during the first lactation period. In these animals you must learn 

 that the broad shoulders will, as it is put, 'milk off.' 



"The neck must be clean-cut and fine, neatly attached to the 

 body and free from any coarseness or superfluous flesh. 



"The head should appear as clean and fine as if chiseled by a 

 master sculptor, the veins standing out prominently on the face, 

 and the entire head free from any meatiness. The eyes must be 

 expressive of great intelligence, and large and bright and full — 

 the term is 'broad between the eyes.' The nostrils must be wide — 

 very wide and full; a large, broad mouth; a clean, powerful jaw. 

 The entire head must be clean-cut, showing intelligence and tem- 

 perament. 



162. The milk system. — "The udder of our ideal type is one 

 whose attachment to the body is both long and broad, the udder 

 coming up well behind, and joining the body smoothly in front. 

 The floor, or bottom, should be level; the teats of medium size, 

 placed well apart and squarely upon the udder. It is desirable that 

 the udder be covered with a network of prominent veins. When 

 milked out the udder should be soft and pliable and free from any 

 indication of meatiness. In our ideal Holstein cow you will find that 

 milk veins which are long and crooked and branching, and which enter 

 numerous wells, are much to be preferred to shorter, heavier veins. 

 In superior animals, we often find a very well defined middle vein. 



"The hide should be soft, pliable, and covered with soft, fine 

 hair. 



