CORN AND WHEAT— THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 225 



very useful for combining with a wide variety of materials in the 

 dairy ration. 



A good sample of bran should consist of large flakes, light in 

 weight and free from foreign materials. Where the screenings 

 contained in the wheat from which the bran was made is com- 

 bined with it, the feed is sold as " wheat bran with mill run 

 screenings." This is the usual product now found on the market. 



402. Red dog flour. — This product consists of flour with some 

 fine particles of bran. Its protein and fat content are similar to 

 that of bran but it contains a minimum of crude fiber and thus 

 exceeds bran in total digestible nutrients. It is a much more ex- 

 pensive feed than bran and lacks the bulk and laxative properties 

 which make the latter so valuable in the dairy ration. Red dog 

 is a very useful feed where low fiber is desired, being especialty 

 valuable for young pigs and calves. 



403. Standard middlings. — This product is intermediate 

 between bran and red dog, consisting of fine particles of bran to- 

 gether with some flour. It contains less fiber than bran but more 

 than red dog, as would be expected. Similarly, its bulk lies be- 

 tween the two. The protein and fat content of the three feeds is 

 similar. Pound for pound, bran is preferred to standard middlings 

 in the dairy ration. The middlings may be used if cheap enough, 

 provided it is recognized that this feed is not a substitute for bran 

 as regards bulk and laxative effect. 



404. Flour middlings. — This feed is a mixture of standard 

 middlings and red dog flour in the proportions obtained in the 

 usual milling process. Its properties and value are thus evident. 



405. Wheat mixed feed. — This is a term used for various 

 mixtures of bran, red dog flour and middlings. Its feeding value 

 varies according to the mixture. 



406. Palmo middlings. — This material is a by-product from 

 the manufacture of tin plate. In putting the finish on the latter, 

 it is passed through palm oil and the excess oil later removed by 

 absorption on wheat middlings. The middlings are later cleaned 

 and sold as palmo middlings. The product is usually lower in 

 moisture and higher in fat than the original middlings. 



