106 SECOND-RATE COWS. 



twenty-two quarts of milk, a year after calving. But 

 even the best cows often fall short of the quantity of 

 milk they are able to give, from being fed on food that 

 is too dry, or not sufficiently varied, or not rich enough 

 in nutritive qualities, or deficient in quantity. 



The second class is that of good cows ; and to this 

 belong the best commonly found in the market and 

 among the cow-feeders of cities. 



They have the mammary part of the milk-mirror 

 well developed, but the perinean part contracted or 

 wholly wanting, as in Figs. 34 and 37 ; or both parts of 

 the mirror are moderately developed, or slightly 

 indented, as Figs. 35 and 36. Figs. 38, 39, 40, and 41, 

 belong also to this class, in the lower part ; but they 

 denote cows which, as the upper mirrors, s s s, indi- 

 cate, dry up sooner when again in calf. 



These marks, though often seen on many good cows, 

 should be considered as certain only when the veins of 

 the perineum form, under the skin, a kind of network, 

 which, without being very apparent, may be felt by a 

 pressure on them ; when the milk-veins on the belly are 

 well developed, though less knotted and less prominent 

 than in cows of the first class ; in fine, when the udder 

 is well developed, and presents veins which are suffi- 

 ciently numerous, though not very large. 



It is necessary, then, as in the preceding class, to 

 have a mistrust of cows in which the mirror is not 

 accompanied by large veins. This remark applies 

 especially to cows which have had several calves, and 

 are in full milk. They are medium or bad, let the milk- 

 mirror be what it may, if the veins of the belly are not 

 large, and those of the udder apparent. 



The general characteristics which depend on form 

 and constitution combine less than in cows of the pre- 



