108 THIRD CLASS. — BAD COWS. 



for every ten ounces of hay consumed, if well cared for, 

 and fed in a manner favorable to the secretion of milk. 



They hold out long in milk when they have no upper 

 mirrors or tufts. At seven or eight months in calf, 

 they may give from five to eight quarts a day. 



The third class consists of middling cows. When the 

 milk-mirror really presents only the lower or mammary 

 part slightly developed or indented, and the perinean 

 part contracted, narrow, and irregular, as in Figs. 42 

 to 47, the cows are middling. The udder is slightly 

 developed or hard, and shrinks very little after milking. 

 The veins of the perineum are not apparent, and those 

 which run along the lower sides of the abdomen are 

 small, straight, and sometimes unequal. In this case 

 the mirror is not symmetrical, and the cow gives more 

 milk on the side where the vein is largest. 



These cows often have large heads, and a thick and 

 hard skin. Being ordinarily in good condition, and 

 even fat, they are beautiful to look at, and seem to be 

 well formed. Many of them are nervous and restive, 

 and not easily approached. 



Gows of this class give, according to size, from three 

 or four to ten quarts of milk. They very rarely give, 

 even in the most favorable circumstances, half a pint 

 for every ten ounces of hay which they consume. 



The milk diminishes rapidly, and dries up wholly the 

 fourth or fifth month in calf. 



The fourth class is composed of bad cows. As they 

 are ordinarily in good condition, these cows are often the 

 most beautiful of the herd and in the markets. They 

 have fleshy thighs, thick and hard skin, a large and 

 coarse neck and head, and horns large at the base. 



The udder is hard, small, and fleshy, with a skin 

 covered with long, rough hair. No veins are to be 

 seen either on the perineum or the udder, while those 



