412 APPENDIX. — PLEURO-PNBUMONIA. 



of water is often found in the chest, as is observed in 

 cases of pleurisy. 



The early symptoms of pleuro-pneumonia are often 

 quite obscure, and would not be perceived where the dis- 

 ease was not suspected, and the animal carefully watched, 

 and perhaps not even then till it had considerably ad- 

 vanced. The interior of 'the eyelids becomes red, while 

 in the healthy animal it is a beautiful rose color ; the 

 pulse increases five or six beats over its usual activity, 

 that of the healthy animal, from five to eight years, being 

 about forty-eight or fifty a minute, that of the young an- 

 imal being quicker — sometimes even as high as sixty. 

 The respirations are increased in activity from five to 

 ten per minute, the natural activity being about seven- 

 teen per minute. The noise made in breathing, as the 

 ear is placed upon the chest or just behind the elbow, be- 

 comes louder, and resembles somewhat the crumpling of 

 paper. If the sides are struck, the animal suffers more 

 than usual, and there appears, morning and evening, a 

 slight, dry cough, often short and painful. This is the 

 first stage of the malady, and would not attract attention, 

 since the animal may still continue to eat, drink, rumi- 

 nate, labor, give milk, <fcc, apparently as usual. In this 

 stage it is curable under careful treatment. 



Then the trouble rapidly increases. The appetite di- 

 minishes ; there is a disinclination to chew the cud, and it 

 is done by jerks ; the hair is dull and staring ; the temper- 

 ature of the skin and external surfaces is very uneven ; the 

 horns may be cold and warm alternately, or the legs may 

 appear very cold, and the horns or other parts of the 

 body hot. If in pasture, the animal withdraws from the 

 rest of the herd ; in four or five days after the disease is 

 seated, the appetite ceases entirely ; the breathing be- 

 comes quicker and more labored, the respirations in- 

 creasing to thirty, forty, or even forty-five per minute ; the 

 nostrils are somewhat dilated, discharging a light, mucous 

 substance ; the animal lows, and appears to suffer ; in 

 some cases it swells up. The cow falls off in milk. In 

 pressing even lightly upon the back, just behind the 

 withers, the animal shows great pain. The breath grows 



