Markham on the Use of Oils in Making Jute. 619 



tion from England. Large power-mills have also been established for spinning 

 and weaving the liber under European management in India. At the Barnag- 

 pur MiUs, near Calcutta, there were 17 Euroj)ean overseers, 4,700 natives, and the 

 mills work up 10,000 tons of jute in a year. There are also jute-mills at Fort 

 Gloster, down the Hugli ; at Budge-budge, at Eishra, at Chapdani, and two at 

 SerampiJr. Women and boys are employed in the spinning, winding, and sew- 

 ing, and men in weaving ; the rates of wages being for men 11 annas a day, for 

 women 5 annas 5 pie, and for boys 3 annas 5 pie. The work is practically con- 

 fined to making gunny bags and cloths, and the total value of the gunny-bags, 

 cloths, twine, and rope exported in 1872-'73 was £835,911. The success of these 

 jute-mills has been very great, and there are also many jute screw-houses and 

 warehouses. 



"It is remarkable how various industries, carried on at xast distances, act 

 upon each other. The growth of jute in Bengal led to its manufacture in Dun- 

 dee, and this caused the revival of the whale fishery in Baffin's Bay. In 1872 

 the quantity of jute imported direct into Dundee was 1,828,614 cwt., and the 

 bulk of the whale-oil is required by the jute manufacturers of Dundee and its 

 neighborhood. 



" Thus the i^ort of Dundee has now become the center of the whale-fishing 

 trade, and cargoes of oil from the Arctic Eegions may be seen discharging along- 

 side cargoes of jute from Calcutta, both being essential to the prosperity of this 

 industry. The Dundee Chamber of Commerce has represented that an Arctic 

 expedition is desirable, in order that new haunts of oil-bearing, animals may be 

 explored ; and if an Arctic expedition will benefit the jute manufacturers of Scot- 

 land, it is equally important to thousands of industrious Bengal Ryots, to whom 

 jute cultivation gives employment and the means of subsistence." 



report of united states consul matthew mcdougall, dundee, scotland, 

 on the jute manufacture at dundee. 



"Department of State, 



" Washington, January 15, 1878. 

 " Sir : Adverting to former correspondence upon the subject, I have the 

 honor to inclose herewith, for the information of Professor Nourse, of the iN^aval 

 Observatory, a copy of a dispatch of the 16th of November last, from the Con 



