230 CRATEKOPODID^E. 



243. TEgithina tiphia. The Common lor a. 



Motacilla tiphia, Linn. S.N.i, p. 331 (1766). 



Motacilla zeylonica, Gm. 8. N. i, p. 964 (1788). 



lora zeylonica (Gm.), Blyth, Cat. p. 213 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. i, p. 267 ; 



Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 101 ; Hume, Cat. no. 467. 

 lora typhia (Linn.), Blyth, Cat. p. 214 ; Horsf. $ M. Cat. \, p. 266 ; 



Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 103 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 428 ; Anders. Yunnan 



Exped., Aves, p. 660; Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 490; Hume, Cat. 



no. 468 ; id. S. F. xi, p. 185 ; Barnes, Birds Bom. i, p. 190. 

 ^Egithina tiphia (L.\ Sharpe, Cat. B. M. vi, p. 7 ; Oates, B. B. i, 



p. 202 ; Oates in Hume's N. fy E. 2nd ed. i, p. 151. 



The Black-headed Green Bulbul, The White-winged Green Bulbul, 

 Jerd.; Shoubiga or Shoubigi, Hind. ; Patsu-jitta,Te\.-, Pacha-pora,To,m.; 

 Chah-tuk, Taphika, Fatickja tonfik, Beng. 



vr 



Fig. 69. Head of M. tiphia. 



Coloration. Male. In full summer plumage the lores, fore- 

 head, crown, and back are black, the bases of the feathers on the 

 back yellow and showing through the black ; rump greenish yellow ; 

 upper tail-coverts and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts black ; median 

 ones white ; greater ones black, tipped with white ; quills black, 

 narrowly edged with pale yellow ; sides of the head and neck, chin, 

 throat, and breast deep intense yellow ; abdomen, sides, vent, and 

 under tail-coverts dull greenish yellow. The back is sometimes 

 yellow merely fringed with black, and the head is sometimes not 

 quite black but yellow much mixed with black. 



The male in winter loses all or most of the black on the upper 

 parts except on the tail and wings, and becomes yellowish green. 



Female. At all seasons the upper plumage is green ; the tail 

 greener and duskier, the edges yellowish ; lesser wing-coverts 

 green ; median coverts dusky green, broadly tipped with white ; 

 greater coverts dusky green, the outer ones broadly tipped with 

 white, the inner broadly edged with white on the outer webs ; 

 quills dark brown, edged with pale yellow ; lores, sides of the head, 

 and entire under plumage yellow. 



Iris yellowish white ; lower mandible and the margins of the 

 upper nearly to the tip blue ; remainder of upper mandible black ; 

 feet and claws plumbeous. 



Length 5-4 ; tail 2 ; wing 2-4 : tarsus '75 ; bill from gape -7. 



Throughout its great range the Common lora is subject to 

 variations in its plumage, which appear to be due chiefly, if not 

 entirely, to climatic influences. 



The females may be dismissed with the remark that they do not 

 vary in any appreciable degree either locally or seasonally. 



