254 CRATEROPODID.i:. 



d G . Tail generally rounded; the 

 outer feather falling short 

 of tip of tail by about length 



of tarsus XANTHIXUS, p. 274. 



d\ Crest confined to middle of 

 crown only ; feathers of nape 

 quite short. 

 e G . Shafts of the feathers of the 



back soft OTOCOMPSA, p. 275. 



/ 6 . Shafts of the feathers of the 



back rigid and spinous . .. PINAROCICHLA, p. 279. 

 I'". Nostrils nearly concealed by plume- 

 lets " SPIZIXUS, p. 280. 



tT'. Crest inconspicuous or absent. 



c'". Upper tail-coverts not reaching to 



the middle of the tail. 

 e 4 . Feathers of the forehead and crown 



very short and stiff TRACHYCOMUS, p. 281, 



d 1 . Feathers of the forehead and crown 



slightly lengthened and soft. 

 e\ Bill larger, about three quarters 

 length of head ; cnlmen laterally 

 compressed and sharply cari- 



nated " IOLE, p. 282. 



f 5 . Bill smaller, about half length 

 of head ; culmen not much com- 

 pressed nor sharply carinated . PYONONOTUS, p. 285. 

 d"'. Upper tail-coverts reaching nearly 



to tip of tail MiCHOPUS, p. 294. 



d'. Feathers at sides of crown and over ear- 

 coverts long and pointed, contrasting 

 with the rounded feathers of the crown . KELAARTIA, p. 296. 



Genus CRINIGER, Temm., 1820. 



The genus Criniyer may be known from all the other Bulbuls by 

 the presence of a long pointed crest and numerous very long hairs 

 springing from the nape or bind neck. The tail of all the Indian 

 species is, moreover, rufous, a character shared but by few other 

 Bulbuls. 



Fig. 80. Head of C. flaveoltis. 



In Criniger the bill is strong, and about half the length of the 

 head; the rictal bristles are well-developed, and the culmen is 



