CERTHIA. 329 



c. Whole lower plumage earthy brown .... C. discolor, p. 331. 

 d'. Chin, throat, and breast bull' ; remainder of 



lower plumage earthy brown C. manipurensiS) p. 331. 



e. Chin and throat whitish ; centre of breast 



and abdomen fulvous ; remainder of lower 



plumage deep ferruginous C. stoliczkce, p. 332. 



341. Certhia himalayana. The Himalayan Tree-Creeper. 



Certhia himalayana, Viy. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 174 ; Blyth, Cat. p. 188 ; 

 Horsf. Sf M. Cat. ii, p. 717 ; Jerd. B. I. i, p. 380 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 

 S. B. xxxvii, pt. ii, p. 25 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 19 ; Hume, N. $ E. 

 p. 160 ; Cock 8> Marsh. S. F. i, p. 351 ; Hume, S. F. v, p. 78 j id. 

 Cat. no. 243 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 50 ; Gadow, Cat. B. M. viii, 

 p. 327 ; Gates in Hume's N. $ E. 2nd ed. i, p. 220. 



Coloration. Upper plumage blackish striped with fulvous, the 

 wing-coverts tipped with the same ; rump and upper tail-coverts 

 strongly tinged with ferruginous ; tail brown, regularly cross- 

 barred with black; wings dark brown, all the quills, except the 

 first four, with a broad fulvous band, above and below which the 

 feathers are blackish ; the quills also tipped fulvous, and with a 

 subterminal band on the outer webs near the tip ; a short eyebrow 

 fulvous ; ear-coverts black ; chin and upper throat pure white ; 

 remainder of lower plumage pale smoky brown. 



Upper mandible black ; lower mandible fleshy ; legs, feet, and 

 claws fleshy ; iris dark brown (Davison). 



Length about 6 ; tail 2-8 ; wing 2-7 ; tarsus '55 ; bill from 

 gape -9. 



C. tceniura, found in Samarkand and Central Asia, has a vely 

 much longer bill. 



Distribution. Throughout the N.W. Himalayas from Almora to 

 Haziira, and through the greater part of Kashmir to Gilgit. This 

 bird is found at all elevations, according to season, from the plains 

 up to 12,000 feet. In Gilgit it is found below 6000 feet in winter, 

 and in summer it retreats to the forests above. It extends to 

 Hunza and Chitral in the north, and "Wardlaw Earn say met with 

 it further south in Afghanistan. 



Habits, fyc. Nests in holes in high trees some forty feet from the 

 ground. The eggs are white, with numerous red spots, and 

 measure '6 by '45. The nests have been found at Murree and in 

 Kashmir, but in what months is not recorded. 



342. Certhia hodgsoni. Hodgson's Tree-Creeper. 



Certhia familiaris, Linn, apud Hume Sf Henders. Lah. to Yark. 



p. 180. 

 Certhia hodgsoni, Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. ii, p. 74 (1872) ; Hume, 



N. $ E. p. 160 ; Brooks, S. F. iv, p. 273 ; Hume, S. F. v, pp. 73, 



78 ; id. Cat. no. 243 bis j Oates in Hume's N, $ E. 2nd ed. i, 



p. 220. 



Coloration. Upper plumage and tfce sides of the head and neck 



