56 



TUED1D.E. 



Fig. 23. Copsychus saularis. 



Family TURDID^E. 



The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the 

 bronchial semi-rings ; the edges of both mandibles smooth, or the 

 upper one simply notched ; hinder aspect of tarsus bilaminated, 

 the laminae entire and smooth ; wing with ten primaries ; tongue 

 non-tubular ; nostrils always clear of the line of forehead, the 

 space between the nostril and the edge of the mandible less than 

 the space between the nostril and the culmen ; plumage of the 

 nestling mottled or squamated to a greater or less extent ; one 

 moult in the year, but frequently supplemented by a seasonal 

 change of plumage caused by the casting-off of the margins of the 

 feathers in spring ; rectrices usually twelve, very seldom fourteen. 



