CITTOCINCLA. 119 



Cercotrichas macrurus (Gm.), Hume, N. # E. p. 300 ; id. $ Dav. 



S. J?. vi, p. :j:.J3 ; Hume, Cat. no. 470. 

 Cittocincla tricolor (Vie ill.), apnd Munye, Cat. P. M. vii, p. 85. 



Shama, Hind. ; Poda nalanchi, Tonka nalanchi, Tel. 



Coloration. Male. Head and neck all round, breast, back, sca- 

 pulars, and wing-coverts glossy black ; rump and upper tail-coverts 

 white; the median four tail-feathers entirely black, the others 

 black at the base and then white ; quills, winglet, and primary- 

 coverts dull black, with a slight gloss on the outer webs only; 

 abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts bright chestnut ; thighs 

 white. 



Female. In the female, which resembles the male in the distri- 

 bution of colours, all those parts are slaty brown which are black 

 in the male ; the bright chestnut parts of the male are pale rufous 

 in the female, and the quills and wing-coverts are narrowly edged 

 with rufous. In other respects the sexes are alike. 



The young vary a good deal. The general colour of the upper 

 plumage is dark brown, the wing-coverts and some of the feathers 

 of the back tipped with rufous ; the quills margined with rufous ; 

 the lower plumage is chiefly pale rufous, mottled with brown on 

 the throat and breast. Young birds assume the adult plumage 

 very soon after they are fully fledged. 



The coloration of this bird is very constant to type throughout 

 the large area of its distribution, the only variation apparent 

 being in the darker coloration of some of the females in Tenas- 

 serim. 



Bill black ; legs pale flesh-colour ; claws light horn-colour ; 

 mouth flesh-colour ; eyelids plumbeous ; iris dark brown. 



Length about 11 ; tail about 6; wiug3'7; tarsus 1-1 ; bill from 

 gape *95 ; the female has the tail about one inch shorter than the 

 male. 



Distribution. Ceylon ; the hills along the western coast of India 

 from Cape Comorin to Khandala ; the Eastern Ghats, according to 

 Jerclon ; Orissa ; the Central Provinces ; Chutia Nagpur ; Western 

 Bengal ; the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal to Dibru- 

 i^ai-h in Assam; the Khasi hills; Cachar; Tipperah ; Mauipur; 

 universally distributed over the whole of Burma and Kareunee. 

 The range of this common species is not well exhibited by the series 

 in the Hume Collection, and it may be more widely spread over 

 India proper than the above localities indicate. This bird is a 

 permanent resident, and does not ascend the hills to any great 

 height. 



Habits, $c. Frequents thick jungle and is very shy ; a most 

 excellent songster; breeds from April to June, constructing a m-si 

 of leaves and grass &c. in a hole of a tree at no great height From 

 the ground, and laying four eggs, which are very similar in colour 

 to those of Copsychus wmlm-ix, and measure about -85 by .62. 



