164 



or less whitish ; wings black, the quills and coverts all tipped and 

 margined with white ; tail very dark brown, tipped white ; sides 

 of the head grey with white shaft-streaks ; the lower parts grey 

 and marked in the same manner as the upper plumage, but with 

 more conspicuous black tips and subterminal white patches. In 

 August the nearly adult plumage is assumed by a moult, but 

 the new feathers of each side of the head, of the throat, breast, 

 and middle of the abdomen, and sometimes those of the crown 

 and back, are fringed with white, and the wing-coverts and 

 quills are conspicuously margined with white. The fully adult 

 plumage is assumed in the first spring by the casting of the white 

 fringes. 



Bill black ; legs pale brown ; soles of the feet yellow ; iris dark 

 brown (Jerdon). 



Length about 8; tail 2-2; wing 3'9 ; tarsus 1-15; bill from 

 gape 1'05. 



Distribution. The Himalayas from Afghanistan and Grilgit to 

 Bhutan at elevations from 1000 to 14,000 feet, according to season. 

 This species occurs in the North Khasi hills, specimens from 

 that locality being in the National Collection. It extends into 

 Turkestan. 



Habits, $c. Breeds throughout the Himalayas at all levels from 

 December to May. The nest is a rounded ball of moss lined with 

 ferns and roots, with an opening at the side, wedged into a deft of 

 a rock near water and not far above its surface. The eggs, gene- 

 rally five in number, are white and measure about 1 by '72. 



710. Cinclus pallasi. Pallas's Dipper. 



Cinclus pallasii, Temm. Man. (VOrn. ed. 2, i, p. 177 (1820) ; Salvin, Ibis, 

 1867, p. 118 j Hume, S. F. vii, p. 378 ; id. Cat. no. 349 bis ; Sharpe, 

 Cat. B. M. vi, p. 316 ; Hume, S. F. xi, p. 124. 



Coloration. The whole plumage with the lesser wing-co verts a 

 very rich dark chocolate-brown ; the eyelids clothed with white 

 feathers ; the abdomen blackish ; greater wing-coverts dark brown, 

 edged with chocolate-brown ; wings and tail blackish, suffused with 

 chocolate-brown on the outer webs. 



The young differ markedly from those of 0. asiaticus. The whole 

 upper plumage and the sides of the head and neck are blackish 

 brown with subterminal rufous margins ; the wings and coverts 

 with white, or on some of the feathers slightly rufous, edges ; tail 

 black, narrowly tipped with white ; the whole lower plumage 

 blackish brown, with ashy fringes to all the feathers. 



Another bird, which has just completed its first autumn moult, 

 resembles the adult, but the throat, breast, and middle of the 

 abdomen are mottled with white and the wings retain their white 

 edges. 



Iris hazel ; bill horny ; legs plumbeous in front, dusky behind 

 (CocJcburn). 



