303 



Pipastea arborous (Bechst.), Jerd. B. I. ii, p. 229 ; Hume $ Renders. 



Lah. to Yark. p. 226. 



Pipastea plumatus (Miill.), Hume, N. $ E. p 383. 

 Anthus trivialis (Linn.), Hume, Cat. no. 507 j Skarpe, Cat. B. M. x, 



P- 043; Barnes, Birds Bom. p. 242; Gates in Hume's N. * ^. 2nd 



t ed. ii, p. 208. 



Pipages trivialis (Linn.\ Oates, B. B. i, p. 172. 

 The European Tree-Pipit, Jerd. 



Figs. 83, 84. -Head and foot of A. trivialis. 



Coloration. Upper plumage sandy brown with large black streaks 

 or centres to the feathers except the rump and upper tail-coverts 

 which are very faintly marked ; coverts and quills of wing dark 

 brown margined with pale fulvous ; tail dark brown with narrow 

 pale margins, the outermost feather about half white, the white 

 and brown meeting diagonally ; the penultimate feather with a 

 small white tip ; a pale fulvous supercilium : sides of the head 

 mixed brown and fulvous ; lower plumage white tinged with ful- 

 vous; a short black moustachial streak ; the whole breast and the 

 sides of the throat with large, well-defined black streaks; the 

 sides of the body tinged with olivaceous and indistinctly streaked. 



The young bird after the autumn moult resembles the adult, but 

 is tinged with bright fulvous, especially on the throat and breast. 



Iris dark browu ; legs and feet flesh-colour ; bill dark brown 

 above, pale brown below tipped with dusky. 



Length about 6'5 ; tail 2-7 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus '85 ; bill from 

 gape '0 ; hind claw about '3. 



Distribution. A winter visitor to the western portions of the 

 Empire. Judging from the specimens I have examined this species 

 is found as far south as Belgauin and as far east as Manbhoom 

 in Chutia Nagpur. Many years ago Hume identified a Pipit I 

 sent to him from Pegu as this species, but I remember that the 

 skin was a very bad one and I think it not improbable that some 

 mistake was made regarding it. This bird winters in South- 

 western Asia and in Africa, and summers in Europe and Northern 

 Asia. A few birds of this species appear to breed in the Hima- 

 layas. 



Habits, ^v. A nest supposed to belong to this Pipit wa> a 

 circular, shallow saucer, made of grass, lined with a few hairs 

 and placed on the ground at the foot of a tuft of grass. It \\ a> 

 found at Kotgarh in May and contained three eggs, which were 

 greyish white, marked with dull purple and purplish brown, and 

 measured about -85 by -63. 



